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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Syftet med denna rapport är att bedöma covid-19-krisens inledande effekter på sysselsättningen i Europa (fram till andra kvartalet 2020), inklusive dess konsekvenser för olika

11 March 2021

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

Two-thirds of the EU labour force are in permanent, full-time employment; the remaining one-third has a non-standard employment status, meaning temporary or part-time employment or self-employment. Given the variety of employment statuses, it is worth asking whether working conditions differ across

22 November 2018

Annual review of working life 2017 is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway. The annual review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s

22 October 2018

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Despite years of gender equality legislation, men outnumber women in management positions by two to one. While structural barriers continue to impede women’s career advancement, women themselves may be deterred from becoming managers if they perceive that it would have a negative impact on their

02 October 2018

Employment relations remain defined vis-à-vis the standard employment relationship (permanent, full-time, direct). Fixed-term contracts are therefore understood as non-standard employment contracts by which an employer hires an employee for a fixed duration. The main difference between permanent and

27 July 2017

Online resources results (152)

Effects of economic crisis on labour market

In its monthly journal Enimerossi [1], the Labour Institute of the Greek General Confederation of Labour (Ινστιτούτο Εργασίας ΓΣΕΕ, INE/GSEE [2]) presented in two parts a study on the impact of the economic crisis on employment. The study analyses and elaborates data from the Labour Force Survey

Factors preventing young people from continuing in education

The Research Institute for Vocational Training and Adult Education (Institut für Berufs- und Erwachsenenbildungsforschung, IBE [1]) at the Johannes Kepler University in the north-central city of Linz conducted a quantitative survey to identify the main risk factors that contribute to young people

Impact of parenthood on careers of young men and women

The third wave of the ‘Generation 98’ survey (in French) [1], conducted by the Centre for Studies and Research on Qualifications (Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur les Qualifications, CEREQ [2]) in the autumn of 2005, focuses on the career path of a sample of 16,000 young people who finished

Women workers make up majority of ‘700-euro generation’

A survey entitled ‘Work and trade unions’, carried out by the company V-Project Research Consulting (VPRC [1]), gives a profile of workers whose net pay is less than €750. It is a quantitative survey commissioned by the Greek General Confederation of Labour (Γενική Συνομοσπονδία Εργατών Ελλάδας

International operations of companies and impact on workers

The international operations of Austrian enterprises, especially in central and eastern European countries, are usually seen as evidence of the fact that Austria is among the beneficiaries of globalisation – a development many people can benefit from. It should be considered, however, whether a

Working conditions and quality of life in Spanish workplaces

The Sixth National Survey on Working Conditions reveals that almost one quarter of workers consider that their work is affecting their health, and almost three quarters suffer from musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, 71% consider that they are exposed to some kind of risk in the workplace. In

Global crisis could reverse decline in hidden economy

On 27 February 2009, the Centre for the Study of Democracy (Център за изследване на демокрацията, CSD [1]), in cooperation with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation [2], organised a seminar entitled ‘The informal economy in Bulgaria in a crisis [3]’. At the seminar, the latest findings of the ‘hidden

Significant increase in labour market participation of older workers

The report [1] on the labour market participation of people aged 55–64 years and their career paths (in Spanish) [2] was published in May 2009 by the research institute Fundación 1º de Mayo [3]. The latter was established by the Trade Union Confederation of Workers’Commissions (Comisiones Obreras

Atypical employment forms on the rise in Austria

The increase in new – so-called atypical – forms of employment has proved a common phenomenon in many European countries over the past decade. These new forms of employment are characterised by reduced social protection, compared with the dominant model of dependent employment providing for full

Impact of economic crisis on unemployed people

In February 2009, the human resources company Adecco [1] published a press release (in Spanish, 38Kb PDF) [2] on the job profiles currently being accepted by unemployed people in Spain. The information is based on official statistics and Adecco’s own business data; the main findings of the research


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 februari 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 maj 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 april 2020

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