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Pension

Att pensionera sig från avlönat arbete vid 65 års ålder, och ofta tidigare, har varit normen i EU fram till de senaste åren. Pensionsåldern skiljer sig mellan EU:s medlemsstater och har stigit. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 december 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 februari 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

I takt med att ”babyboom-generationen” rör sig mot pensionen kommer fler arbetstagare att gå i pension än antalet människor som tar sig in på arbetsmarknaden. Eftersom vi lever längre och födelsetalen sjunker i Europa prioriterar man i EU-politiken att uppmuntra européerna att fortsätta att arbeta längre, i syfte att säkerställa pensionssystemens bärkraftighet och tillräcklig social trygghet. Under de senaste åren har vissa medlemsstater gått mot att höja den statliga pensionsåldern (till exempel Irland, till 68 år 2028, och Tyskland, till 67 år 2031) och försökt ta reda på hur man kan uppmuntra arbetstagare att stanna kvar på sina jobb längre. Många äldre arbetstagare vill också allt oftare fortsätta att arbeta längre.

I Europeiska kommissionens vitbok från 2012 om pensioner föreslås initiativ för att skapa en ram som gör det möjligt för äldre arbetsföra arbetstagare att fortsätta arbeta och spara mer till sin pension. I vitboken uppmanades även medlemsstaterna att minska skillnaderna i de lagstadgade pensionsåldrarna mellan män och kvinnor, och att se över obefogade obligatoriska pensionsåldrar. Kommissionen har också sett över pensionssystemen för arbetstagare med tunga eller farliga arbeten i Europa, och diskuterat pågående reformer och bästa praxis med rekommendationer för EU:s medlemsstater.

Eurofounds arbete

Under åren har Eurofound analyserat frågor som rör pension i EU-länderna. I forskningen har man tittat på möjligheter till förtidspensionering och gradvis pensionering, möjligheter att kombinera arbete med delpension, arbete efter pensionen, volontärarbete under pensionen och pensionsfrågan. Under de senaste åren har forskningen inriktats på att förlänga arbetslivet bortom den nuvarande pensionsåldern, liksom på frågor som rör arbetspreferenser, inkomst och livskvalitet.

Arbetspreferenser runt pensionen

I analysen av resultaten från Eurofounds tredje undersökning av livskvaliteten i Europa utforskar man äldre arbetstagares arbetstidspreferenser. I denna slås det fast att nästan hälften av arbetstagarna i åldern 50+ skulle vilja arbeta färre timmar, med hänsyn tagen till deras ekonomiska behov. En betydande andel av de pensionärer som i nuläget inte har något avlönat arbete skulle faktiskt vilja arbeta åtminstone några timmar i veckan. Forskarna har också tittat på hur översyner mitt i karriären kan hjälpa till att klargöra arbetstagarnas alternativ för att fortsätta arbeta till en senare pensionsålder. 

Kombinera arbete med deltidspension

I nuläget lämnar ofta äldre arbetstagare arbetskraften innan den lagstadgade pensionsåldern på grund av hälsoproblem, funktionsnedsättning och vårdansvar. Många fler vill helt enkelt arbeta mindre och anpassa arbetstimmarna mer efter sina preferenser. Ett sätt att motivera och göra det möjligt för människor att arbeta längre är att underlätta arbetstidsförkortning, samtidigt som man kompletterar den förlorade inkomsten med delpension eller ett bidrag. I en Eurofoundstudie undersöks inverkan av sådana deltidspensionssystem.

Arbete efter pensionen

I många länder har äldre en avlönad sysselsättning efter pensionsåldern. Eurofounds studie om inkomst från arbete efter pensionen i EU tittar på varför pensionärer letar avlönat arbete och deras anställningsmöjligheter. I studien undersöks företagens strategier för att rekrytera och behålla pensionärer och den belyser dilemman och fördelar för äldre människor som vill ha avlönat arbete. Man undersöker också i vilken utsträckning arbete efter pensionen har att göra med tillräcklig inkomst bland den pensionerade befolkningen.

Pensionsreformer

Pensionen är en huvudsaklig inkomstkälla för många pensionärer. De senaste årens reform av pensionssystemen har varit inriktad på bärkraftigheten hos de statliga pensionerna och på att höja den faktiska pensionsåldern. I Eurofounds studie om arbetsmarknadsparternas deltagande i EU:s pensionsreform tittar man på reformer som introducerats som svar på den ekonomiska och finansiella krisen, och man framhåller den roll som arbetsmarknadsparterna spelat i sådana reformer sedan 2008.

Volontärarbete

Mot bakgrund av Europas åldrande befolkning är äldre människors sociala delaktighet och strategier för att främja volontärarbete bland äldre nu viktiga punkter på EU:s politiska dagordning. I en studie om volontärarbete bland äldre människor i EU tar man upp bästa praxis i fråga om alla aspekter av volontärarbete och arbetets koppling till social delaktighet. I studien tittar man på åtgärder för att stärka volontärarbete under övergången från arbete till pension.

Pensionerade kvinnor och män

Kvinnor går i pension tidigare än män i de flesta medlemsstater, delvis eftersom de lägger mer tid på att ta hand om familjemedlemmar än männen. Men detta kommer också troligen att förändras under de kommande åren i och med planerna på att höja pensionsåldern i många länder. Eurofound har tittat på situationen för äldre kvinnliga arbetstagare i Europa och incitamenten för att fortsätta att öka deras arbetsmarknadsdeltagande, vilket hindrar att de går i pension tidigare. 

Key outputs

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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 februari 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 oktober 2018
Publication
Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Europeans are living longer than ever before, on average ten years more than in 1960. This greater life expectancy coincides with another demographic development: fewer children are being born, which will mean fewer people paying into state pension and healthcare systems and a smaller pool of

15 January 2012

Over the past five years employment rates among workers aged 65 to 74 years increased by 15% in the EU27 (Eurostat, 2011). Most people in this age group are pensioners, demonstrating that it has become more common for pensioners to take on paid employment, albeit starting from a fairly low level

14 December 2011

Europeans are living longer than ever before, but fewer babies are being born. The increased lifespan is great news but also poses many questions for individuals, their families and social systems. This fact sheet forms part of the Eurofound resource pack on 'Living longer, working better – Active

14 December 2011

Keeping older employees in the workforce for longer has been at the heart of national and European policies since the late 1990s. These policies have had an impact. Employment rates for older workers aged 55 to 64 have increased considerably over the last ten years, from 38% to 47% (Eurostat, 2000

14 December 2011

For most people work is not only a source of income but also an important aspect of their personal identity and their social life. When workers grow older, the positive elements of work often retain their importance, but for many it becomes more difficult to do their jobs. This fact sheet forms part

14 December 2011

Europe is undergoing a previously unwitnessed ageing of the population. In view of this, social inclusion of the elderly and strategies to promote voluntary work among older people are now important items on the EU’s political agenda. This report is based on 30 case studies from 11 Member States in

08 September 2011

Older people have typically been seen as the beneficiaries of voluntary activities. Indeed, the role of voluntary services is likely to become increasingly important in the context of cuts in state-provided welfare services and payments as a result of the economic crisis. However, increasing

14 March 2011

Online resources results (98)

New occupational pension regulations in force

On 1 January 2001, new regulations came into effect concerning occupational pensions (Lov om innskuddspensjon i arbeidsforhold). The new regulations provide for companies to receive tax allowances in connection with "defined-contribution" pension plans. Such allowances were previously confined to

Negotiations over 35-hour week in banking

During the second half of 2000, agreements on introducing the 35-hour working week were signed in France's major banks, after the sectoral-level social partners failed to deal with the issue in an industry-wide agreement concluded in January. Sectoral negotiations will now deal with working time

GSEE gives opinion on new draft bill on employment

In November 2000, the Greek General Confederation of Labour (GSEE) submitted to the Minister of Labour and Social Security its comments on the latter's draft bill on employment, which contains a number of measures reforming aspects of industrial relations such as overtime, working time flexibility

SEV criticises new draft bill on employment

In late November 2000, Federation of Greek Industries (SEV) commented on the government's recently issued draft bill on employment, which contains a number of measures reforming aspects of industrial relations such as overtime, working time flexibility and social insurance contributions. The

Compromise over anticipatory pension scheme reform

During late 2000 (DK0012105N [1]), quadripartite negotiations - involving the government, local authorities and the social partners - were held on the twin themes on reforming the "anticipatory pension" early retirement scheme and on a more inclusive and flexible labour market, focusing on state

Pre-retirement under debate

A report published in summer 2000 finds that large Spanish companies are increasingly using the mechanism of "pre-retirement" for older workers, even when they are not in a situation of crisis. Such schemes affect workers over the age of 50 and are seen as a way to reduce workforces that is fairly

Economic Policy Committee reports on state pension systems

In February 2000, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council of Ministers (Ecofin) requested that the Economic Policy Committee (EPC) prepare by December 2000 a preliminary report on the impact of the ageing population on state pension systems. This report was published on 26 October 2000 and is

Pension reform in place

On 5 July 2000, the Austrian parliament passed the reform of the pensions system initiated by the coalition government of the populist Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) and the conservative People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei, ÖVP) (AT0002212F [1]). The reform consists of

Interim report on 2000 collective bargaining round

In July 2000, the collective agreement archive of the Institute for Economic and Social Research (Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, WSI) within the Hans-Böckler Foundation published an interim report on the 2000 collective bargaining round ("Tarifpolitischer Halbjahresbericht. Eine

2000 collective bargaining round progresses relatively quietly

The average wage increase amounted to 3.4% in the most important collective agreements concluded in the Netherlands' 2000 collective bargaining round up until the end of June. It is noteworthy that numerous agreements now include agreements on performance-based payment in some form. It is also


Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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