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Pension

Att pensionera sig från avlönat arbete vid 65 års ålder, och ofta tidigare, har varit normen i EU fram till de senaste åren. Pensionsåldern skiljer sig mellan EU:s medlemsstater och har stigit. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 december 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 februari 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

I takt med att ”babyboom-generationen” rör sig mot pensionen kommer fler arbetstagare att gå i pension än antalet människor som tar sig in på arbetsmarknaden. Eftersom vi lever längre och födelsetalen sjunker i Europa prioriterar man i EU-politiken att uppmuntra européerna att fortsätta att arbeta längre, i syfte att säkerställa pensionssystemens bärkraftighet och tillräcklig social trygghet. Under de senaste åren har vissa medlemsstater gått mot att höja den statliga pensionsåldern (till exempel Irland, till 68 år 2028, och Tyskland, till 67 år 2031) och försökt ta reda på hur man kan uppmuntra arbetstagare att stanna kvar på sina jobb längre. Många äldre arbetstagare vill också allt oftare fortsätta att arbeta längre.

I Europeiska kommissionens vitbok från 2012 om pensioner föreslås initiativ för att skapa en ram som gör det möjligt för äldre arbetsföra arbetstagare att fortsätta arbeta och spara mer till sin pension. I vitboken uppmanades även medlemsstaterna att minska skillnaderna i de lagstadgade pensionsåldrarna mellan män och kvinnor, och att se över obefogade obligatoriska pensionsåldrar. Kommissionen har också sett över pensionssystemen för arbetstagare med tunga eller farliga arbeten i Europa, och diskuterat pågående reformer och bästa praxis med rekommendationer för EU:s medlemsstater.

Eurofounds arbete

Under åren har Eurofound analyserat frågor som rör pension i EU-länderna. I forskningen har man tittat på möjligheter till förtidspensionering och gradvis pensionering, möjligheter att kombinera arbete med delpension, arbete efter pensionen, volontärarbete under pensionen och pensionsfrågan. Under de senaste åren har forskningen inriktats på att förlänga arbetslivet bortom den nuvarande pensionsåldern, liksom på frågor som rör arbetspreferenser, inkomst och livskvalitet.

Arbetspreferenser runt pensionen

I analysen av resultaten från Eurofounds tredje undersökning av livskvaliteten i Europa utforskar man äldre arbetstagares arbetstidspreferenser. I denna slås det fast att nästan hälften av arbetstagarna i åldern 50+ skulle vilja arbeta färre timmar, med hänsyn tagen till deras ekonomiska behov. En betydande andel av de pensionärer som i nuläget inte har något avlönat arbete skulle faktiskt vilja arbeta åtminstone några timmar i veckan. Forskarna har också tittat på hur översyner mitt i karriären kan hjälpa till att klargöra arbetstagarnas alternativ för att fortsätta arbeta till en senare pensionsålder. 

Kombinera arbete med deltidspension

I nuläget lämnar ofta äldre arbetstagare arbetskraften innan den lagstadgade pensionsåldern på grund av hälsoproblem, funktionsnedsättning och vårdansvar. Många fler vill helt enkelt arbeta mindre och anpassa arbetstimmarna mer efter sina preferenser. Ett sätt att motivera och göra det möjligt för människor att arbeta längre är att underlätta arbetstidsförkortning, samtidigt som man kompletterar den förlorade inkomsten med delpension eller ett bidrag. I en Eurofoundstudie undersöks inverkan av sådana deltidspensionssystem.

Arbete efter pensionen

I många länder har äldre en avlönad sysselsättning efter pensionsåldern. Eurofounds studie om inkomst från arbete efter pensionen i EU tittar på varför pensionärer letar avlönat arbete och deras anställningsmöjligheter. I studien undersöks företagens strategier för att rekrytera och behålla pensionärer och den belyser dilemman och fördelar för äldre människor som vill ha avlönat arbete. Man undersöker också i vilken utsträckning arbete efter pensionen har att göra med tillräcklig inkomst bland den pensionerade befolkningen.

Pensionsreformer

Pensionen är en huvudsaklig inkomstkälla för många pensionärer. De senaste årens reform av pensionssystemen har varit inriktad på bärkraftigheten hos de statliga pensionerna och på att höja den faktiska pensionsåldern. I Eurofounds studie om arbetsmarknadsparternas deltagande i EU:s pensionsreform tittar man på reformer som introducerats som svar på den ekonomiska och finansiella krisen, och man framhåller den roll som arbetsmarknadsparterna spelat i sådana reformer sedan 2008.

Volontärarbete

Mot bakgrund av Europas åldrande befolkning är äldre människors sociala delaktighet och strategier för att främja volontärarbete bland äldre nu viktiga punkter på EU:s politiska dagordning. I en studie om volontärarbete bland äldre människor i EU tar man upp bästa praxis i fråga om alla aspekter av volontärarbete och arbetets koppling till social delaktighet. I studien tittar man på åtgärder för att stärka volontärarbete under övergången från arbete till pension.

Pensionerade kvinnor och män

Kvinnor går i pension tidigare än män i de flesta medlemsstater, delvis eftersom de lägger mer tid på att ta hand om familjemedlemmar än männen. Men detta kommer också troligen att förändras under de kommande åren i och med planerna på att höja pensionsåldern i många länder. Eurofound har tittat på situationen för äldre kvinnliga arbetstagare i Europa och incitamenten för att fortsätta att öka deras arbetsmarknadsdeltagande, vilket hindrar att de går i pension tidigare. 

Key outputs

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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 februari 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 oktober 2018
Publication
Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Europe is facing unprecedented demographic change including a previously unknown ageing of the population. In view of these demographic and societal changes, social inclusion of the elderly is of growing importance. In searching for measures to promote the social inclusion of the older population

02 March 2011

Although the Eurobarometer surveys in 2006 and 2010 show relatively little change in the level of participation in volunteering, recent Eurofound research points to a general upward trend in many Member States. The growth in volunteering of the last 10 years is partly attributed to public

14 February 2011

Just over 20% of Europeans take part in voluntary and charitable activities, though there are wide differences between Member States. The highest rates are seen in the Nordic Member States (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) and the lowest rates are in Bulgaria, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Romania and Spain

13 February 2011

The results of Eurofound’s second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS 2007) show that older people run the risk of being socially excluded. The highest proportion of people reporting a feeling of being ‘left out of society’ is in the over-65 age bracket. Compared to younger age groups, a much

19 January 2010

Working time policies, although designed within the national and sectoral framework and the boundaries of institutional regulations, are fine-tuned and implemented at the level of each company, taking account of the environment in which the company operates and the workforce it is employing. Hence

08 December 2009

Over the last decade, Foundation research has examined effective ways of promoting the participation of older workers in the labour market, to enhance their contribution and productivity, and prevent their early exit and unemployment. This report extends the research to the new Member States and the

21 April 2009

This issue of Foundation Findings deals with older women workers in Europe. Older women workers represent an increasing proportion of the workforce in the EU, especially in the 55–64 years age group. Employment rates for older women workers have been increasing in Europe. Foundation Findings provide

22 February 2009

The Foundation’s Company Survey on Working Time and Work–Life Balance 2004–2005 set out to map the use of a variety of working time arrangements in companies, to assess the reasons for their introduction and their impact. This report analyses the data from the survey to address the issue of phased

23 February 2007

The ageing of the EU population has implications for the sustainability of pensions, economic growth and the future labour supply. This report reviews case studies from a range of organisations across the EU that have instituted good practice in recruiting, supporting and retaining older workers. By

18 December 2006

Effective action to improve the employment conditions of older workers involves government policies at different levels, the social partners and social dialogue, organisations and companies and, of course, older workers themselves. Within companies in the EU15, policies and practices designed to

14 December 2006

Online resources results (98)

Agreement ends strike in nationalised coal mines

A month-long dispute over industrial restructuring hit Spain's publicly-owned coalmining companies in December 1997-January 1998. The dispute arose following the Government's amendments of agreements reached in May 1997, following the release of a critical report by the European Commission. A

Second incomes policy agreement for employment is signed

In December 1997, the Finnish social partners signed an incomes policy agreement for the period from January 1998 to January 2000. The agreement - which is probably one of the most comprehensive in Finnish history, covering over 98% of wage-earners - provides for pay increases which will raise

Firefighters take strike action

On 27 November 1997, the Finnish Firefighters' Union (Suomen Palomiesliitto, SPAL) called a strike which continues at the time of writing (11 December). The action arises from disagreements about firefighters' pay system, working hours and retirement age. An attempt at conciliation ended without

Redundancy agreement signed at Italian State Railways

In December 1997, the Italian State Railways signed an agreement with transport workers' trade unions on the management of redundancies. The agreement provides for the creation of a fund to deal with redundant staff by means of "mobility" procedures, the Wages Guarantee Fund, job-security agreements

Pension reform nears completion

Austria's pension reform is now almost complete (AT9707118F [1]). Below, the main features of the reform as they affect civil servants and employees are reported. The pensions schemes for farmers and employers have also been reformed, but are not reported here. [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef

Welfare reform results from negotiations between government and trade unions

The finance law for 1998 approved by the Italian Government in November 1997 contains a number of proposals for welfare reform in the areas of social security and pensions. As regards pensions, the Government has signed an agreement with the Cgil, Cisl and Uil trade union confederations which makes

New bill deals with pensions in the private sector

A new bill to reform private sector pensions in Luxembourg, presented in August 1997, does not seek structural reform; instead it confines itself to specific changes and to the introduction of a two-tier system of disability pension.

Conference on employment, pay and working time

France's tripartite "national conference on employment, pay and working time" was held on 10 October 1997. The agenda was very full, ranging from youth employment to working time by way of pay policy. Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's most dramatic decision was a bill to implement a 35-hour working

Pilot agreement on partial retirement in south-west German metalworking

In order to reduce unemployment and create jobs for younger job-seekers, several legal regulations have been introduced in Germany to enable employees to take retirement early, and to promote the gradual transition of older employees to retirement. In 1996, the Federal Government introduced a new

Disproportionate number of older employees made redundant by Dutch companies

Although the Dutch Government and the social partners are keen to promote the participation of older employees on the labour market, it is reported that companies currently make disproportionately more older employees redundant. Following the Government's withdrawal of its "Directive concerning


Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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