Премини към основното съдържание
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Заетост и пазари на труда

Заетостта и пазарите на труда е една от шестте основни дейности в работната програма на Eurofound за периода 2021—2024 г. Eurofound ще продължи работата си като център за експертни знания в областта на наблюдението и анализа на развитията в пазара на труда, особено с оглед на факта, че пазарите на труда в Европа са изправени пред сериозни предизвикателства след пандемията от COVID-19. Събирането на данни и изследванията ще се съсредоточат върху последиците от пандемията за труда и възможностите за заетост и върху начина на поддържане на функционирането на пазара на труда и приобщаването към него.

През периода 2021—2024 г. изследванията на Eurofound ще предоставят важна информация за предизвикателствата и перспективите в областта на заетостта и пазарите на труда в ЕС. Eurofound има важна роля за наблюдение на тенденциите на пазара на труда, както и за проследяване на въздействието от тези тенденции върху различни групи работници.

Като цяло, изследванията ще се съсредоточат върху променящата се структура на пазара на труда чрез използване на утвърдените инструменти за наблюдение на Eurofound, а именно Европейския наблюдател на заетостта (EJM) и Европейския наблюдател на преструктурирането (ERM) и данни от Евростат. Предвид очакваните високи равнища на безработица в някои държави, региони, сектори и професии, засягащи също работниците с най-несигурна заетост и най-уязвимите работници, тези инструменти ще помогнат за установяването на развиващите се и западащите сектори, професии и квалификации. ERM ще продължи да проучва широкомащабни събития по преструктуриране , законодателни инструменти и инструменти за подкрепа, както и мерки, разработени от социалните партньори и публичните органи, за подпомагане на прехода на работниците от едно работно място на друго или от един сектор в друг.

Освен това Eurofound ще се фокусира върху недостига на работна ръка и недостатъчното използване на човешки ресурси и умения в определени сектори и професии, което ясно се открои по време на пандемията от COVID-19, чрез проучване на мерките за намеса на политиката и фирмените практики. Конкретните теми ще включват несъответствието между уменията и изискванията на пазара на труда работното време , географската или професионалната мобилност и интеграцията на мигранти , както и обхващане на групи, които са недостатъчно представени на пазара на труда, напримермлади хоражени и хора с увреждания . Eurofound ще разгледа също секторите, традиционно засегнати от недостиг на работна ръка — проблем, който пандемията направи по-неотложен. Тази дейност ще подпомогне подготвителната работа за следващото издание на Проучването на европейските дружества (ECS) .

Сътрудничеството между Eurofound и Съвместния изследователски център на Европейската комисия (СИЦ) в тази област ще продължи. Проучването на преструктурирането ще допринесе за дейностите на Европейски фонд за приспособяване към глобализацията (ЕФПГ) и Европейския социален фонд плюс (ЕСФ+). Ще бъдат проучени връзките с партньорската организация Европейски център за развитие на професионалното обучение (Cedefop) и Европейския орган по труда (ЕОТ), що се отнася до уменията и трудовата мобилност в контекста на политиките за заетост, насочени към решаване на проблемите с недостига на работна ръка.

 

Шест от всеки десет души работят по безсрочни договори за неопределен период от време. Въпреки че данните за „нетипичната заетост“, т.е. работа при непълно работно време и срочна работа, реално не са се променили през последните пет до десет години, те прикриват преминаването към по-несигурни форми на заетост и работещите по такива договори нямат еднакъв достъп до заетост и социална закрила.

— Tina Weber, ръководител изследвания, отдел „Заетост“
Topic

Recent updates

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Company practices to tackle labour shortages

Explore our digital report summary. This report centres on the recruitment and retention measures that organisations have deployed to address labour shortages, based on 17 case studies in different sectors...

Data story

Основни политически послания

Инфографика

Основните констатации от изследванията на Eurofound предоставят входящи данни на авторите на политики при решаването на някои от основните проблеми в тази област.

  • Преди да се проявят икономическите въздействия от кризата с COVID-19, възстановяването на пазара на труда в Европа беше на път да постигне равнище на заетост близко до целта във връзка със заетостта на ЕС за 2020 г., която е 75 %. Въпреки че бяха различни по характер, предишните кризи показаха, че задържането на работещите на пазара на труда и, ако е възможно, повишаването на уменията, са важни способи да се гарантира бързо възстановяване.
  • Ръстът на заетостта винаги е бил най-слаб при средноплатените работни места — като това е най-очевидно по време на рецесии — и най-силен при високоплатените работни места.
  • Стабилността в равнищата на нетипичната заетост маскира ръста на несигурната заетост за определени групи, като броят на работниците на „други“ договори или „без договори“ нараства. Пандемията от COVID-19 допълнително утежнява положението на работниците, които са най-силно засегнати от кризата, като за тях съществува риск да бъдат засегнати най-тежко в дългосрочен план.
  • Ръстът на различните видове нестандартна заетост води до по-дълбоки разделения на пазарите на труда в ЕС между добре защитени работници и работници с ограничен достъп до социална закрила и трудови права, което допринася до по-голяма сегментация на пазара на труда.Такъв е по-конкретно случаят с нарастващия брой работници, работещи при „смесени, нестандартни“ условия на заетост (комбинация от нестандартни форми на заетост: напр. временна заетост и непълно работно време, самостоятелна заетост и непълно работно време).
  • Настоящият ръст на броя на несигурните работни места изисква политически решения за подпомагане на работниците с ограничен достъп до социална закрила и представителство. Всичко това е още по-важно в контекста на нововъзникващите последици от пандемията от COVID-19, които водят до конкретни екзистенциални рискове за много работници с несигурна заетост и самостоятелно наети лица.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of employment and labour markets in the EU. Eurofound has an important role to play in monitoring trends in the labour market, as well as monitoring the impact of these trends for different groups of workers.

Research will focus overall on the changing structure of the labour market using Eurofound’s well established monitoring instruments, the European Jobs Monitor (EJM) and the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM), alongside Eurostat data. With high levels of unemployment expected in some countries, regions, sectors and occupations, affecting also the most precarious and vulnerable workers, these instruments will help identify growing and declining sectors, occupations and qualifications. The ERM will also continue to examine large-scale restructuring events, legislative and support instruments, as well as measures developed by social partners and public authorities to assist workers transitioning between jobs or sectors.

Eurofound will also focus on labour shortages and under-utilised human resources and talent in certain sectors and occupations – accentuated during COVID-19 – by exploring policy interventions and company practices. Specific topics will include skills mismatches, working time, geographical or occupational mobility, and the integration of migrants, as well as covering groups underrepresented in the labour market such as young people, women and people with disabilities. Eurofound will also look at sectors traditionally affected by labour shortages, the issue becoming more urgent due to the pandemic. This activity will feed into the preparatory work for the next edition of the European Company Survey (ECS).

Eurofound’s collaboration with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) will also continue in this area. Research on restructuring will contribute to the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) and the European Social Fund+ (ESF+) activities. Links with sister agency Cedefop and the European Labour Authority will be explored as regards skills and labour mobility in the context of employment policies aimed at tackling labour shortages.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to provide knowledge to support structural change, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to help address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of employment and labour market structures.

Specifically, Eurofound collects data and analyses trends in employment and labour market developments, identifying and examining gaps and groups at risk, in order to provide the European Commission and other EU institutions, Member State bodies and social partners with the support needed to devise more effective employment policies.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines 2021–2024, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor and analyse how the EU’s labour market structure is changing, looking at patterns related to employment status, workers’ demographic characteristics, and net job creation and job loss by sector and occupation, particularly in light of the challenges triggered by COVID-19 and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Analysis draws on data from the European Jobs Monitor (EJM), European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) and Eurostat and the work involves ongoing updates to the EJM and ERM databases. 

In 2024, Eurofound publishes the findings of research investigating employment shifts across EU regions, from the pandemic to the recovery. In particular, the research focuses on the gap between urban/capital and rural areas and on patterns of sectoral specialisation which made some regions more exposed or resilient than others. The research investigates the evolution of telework across European regions, including the observed differences in the take up of regional telework. This work builds on the EJM regional analyses and the previous Eurofound/Joint Research Centre analysis on teleworkable jobs.

Eurofound finalises its analysis of the impact of short-time work schemes on retaining employment and securing incomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. One output from this project is a comparative database of the support measures used in the Member States. The research aims to derive policy lessons regarding effective instruments for future crises. 

Complementing earlier research on mapping the incidence of labour shortages and assessing policies to address shortages, Eurofound concludes its analysis of company/organisational practices. Some case studies look specifically at how displaced people from Ukraine have been integrated into the labour market. 

New research in 2024 investigates shifts in the employment structure in the first quarter of the 21st century, examining the pace of change (technological, globalisation/trade-related, demographic) and its impacts on labour markets.

Research begins on measuring job differences in task requirements and their implications for mobility and employment reallocation across the economy. It aims to determine the magnitude and the nature of changes in job tasks following a job move.

Work also commences on exploring wage determinants in the EU, with a specific focus on gender gaps. This research aims to identify correlations between trends in educational attainment and wages by gender, as well as the determinants of any mismatch between wages and education levels by gender.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 January 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Човешките ресурси допринасят за успеха на дадена организация със своите умения. Според модела на способностите, мотивацията и възможностите (AMO), приносът на служителите към ефективността на организацията зависи от техните умения...

30 March 2023
Publication
Research report
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В момент, когато икономиките започват да се възстановяват от пандемията от COVID-19, недостигът на работна ръка става все по-очевиден въпреки въздействието на войната в Украйна върху цените на енергията и...

28 March 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (599)

This report describes the implementation and changing features of job retention schemes in the EU between 2020 and 2022. In response to the COVID-19 health emergency, EU governments swiftly deployed job retention schemes to preserve employment, support businesses and maintain individual incomes.

23 September 2024

Since the early 2000s, the EU has faced persistent challenges in integrating young people into the labour market. The Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted youth employment prospects. This background paper explores youth labour market integration within the framework

23 September 2024

This report provides updated evidence on the persistence of labour shortages amid declining levels of labour market slack in the EU and at Member State level. This serves as a background to the main focus of the report, which is on organisational policies aimed at attracting workers to occupations

10 September 2024

The fast and steady recovery in employment following the COVID-19 pandemic in the EU benefited from proactive policy responses to the crisis and from resilient labour markets. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022; however, significant regional

03 September 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024

In this report, we provide projections of how the Fit for 55 policy package may affect the sectoral and occupational structure of employment in the EU by 2030, and the impacts across different regions and countries.

25 October 2023

2022 година започна с предпазлив оптимизъм. Европа излизаше от двугодишния период на пандемията от COVID-19 и в NextGenerationEU беше изложен план за възстановяване, предвиждащ изграждане на силно и устойчиво бъдеще. Руската инвазия в Украйна в началото на годината обаче промени ситуацията

04 May 2023

On request by the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Eurofound prepared a background paper as a basis for the discussion at the informal Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) meeting on 3-4 May 2023. The paper outlines some of the key challenges

04 May 2023

Човешките ресурси допринасят за успеха на дадена организация със своите умения. Според модела на способностите, мотивацията и възможностите (AMO), приносът на служителите към ефективността на организацията зависи от техните умения, мотивацията им да използват своите умения и възможностите, с които

30 March 2023

Online resources results (961)

Company practices to tackle labour shortages

Explore our digital report summary. This report centres on the recruitment and retention measures that organisations have deployed to address labour shortages, based on 17 case studies in different sectors and across 13 Member States.

Employee monitoring: A moving target for regulation

This article explores the emerging risks from advanced monitoring technologies and how national jurisdictions are adapting to the challenges of digitally enabled workplace monitoring.

Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Namur, 11-12 January 2024.

11 January 2024

Climate change objectives and decarbonisation measures are vital for the future of Europe. But how will these objectives impact employment and the labour market? In this episode of the Eurofound Talks podcast series, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Senior Research Manager John Hurley about new

22 November 2023
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Big tech dismissals: What is the impact in the EU?

Between the end of 2022 and the first half of 2023, almost 300,000 employees working for ‘big tech’ companies were laid off across the world, making headlines for months in global media. This development has been a shock, considering the high numbers of jobs in well-known tech corporations with a re

In this episode of Eurofound Talks, recorded for International Women's Day 2023, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Working Life researchers Jorge Cabrita and Viginta Ivaškaitė-Tamošiūnė about how, when paid and unpaid work are combined, women do eight full-time weeks more work than men per year

8 March 2023
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Building resilience after COVID-19: EU measures to protect jobs and promote skills

Since 2011, the Restructuring support instruments database of the EU PolicyWatch has been collecting information on measures that assist companies and workers to anticipate and manage restructuring. This article looks at measures in the database aimed at supporting employees and employers during the

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EU labour markets resilient despite energy-cost related restructuring

Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas fr

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First impacts of the Ukrainian crisis on employment in the EU

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has shocked the world and the international community. Cities being destroyed, civilians wounded, innocent lives lost, refugees fleeing to other countries, and economic sanctions have become everyday news as this unprovoked and unlawful war unfolds.

Image of woman paying for goods by credit card through a smartphone in a coffee shop

Bank restructuring: disruptors versus incumbents

While high-street banks reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic by accelerating the push to digitalisation and cutting jobs, some digital-only banks are recruiting new staff to meet growing demand. An example is the ‘disruptor’ bank Revolut which has recently announced the creation of 1,000 jobs worldwide,


Blogs results (56)

Inequalities have become more apparent in many areas: between men and women; between rich and poor; between young and old; and between rural and urban areas. What are the implications of these inequalities across the EU?

2 May 2024

‘Building back better’ is not just an empty slogan – we need the construction sector to help us achieve our climate targets. Eurofound research reveals that construction is where the Fit for 55 climate policy package will generate the most net new employment.

4 December 2023
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The European Commission declared 2023 as the European Year of Skills, stating ‘Helping people get the right skills for quality jobs and helping companies, in particular small and medium enterprises, address skills shortages in the EU is what this year is all about.’

27 March 2023
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'Women belong in all the places where decisions are made', to borrow from the late Ruth Bader Ginsburg. These decisions are made everywhere and at every level: in the home and at the workplace; in the boardroom and on the shop floor. Which is why it is of such serious concern to see the ongoing deep

8 March 2023
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The platform economy is one of those moving targets, which, despite receiving increasing media and policy attention, has proven difficult to regulate. Given the heterogeneity of employment relationships, business models, types of platform work and cross-border issues, this is not surprising. Yet, in

27 September 2022
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One of the most striking developments of the last half-century has been the huge rise in female labour market participation in advanced economies. More than two out of every three net new jobs created over the last two decades in the EU have been taken up by women, who now account for 46% of the wor

8 March 2022
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Following the declines in employment rates and working hours across Europe in 2020, economies began to show signs of recovery during the first quarter of 2021. The gradual rekindling of economic activity has led to a surge in demand for workers and reawakened concerns over labour shortages. Difficul

20 July 2021
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On 9 May, the Conference on the Future of Europe will get underway. Floated well before the COVID-19 outbreak, its timing in the wake of the seismic shifts precipitated by the pandemic, and its implementation alongside the European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan, means that the outcomes could b

4 May 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to ta

28 April 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic c

9 February 2021

Data results (14)

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