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Løn og indkomst

Løn og indkomst er af central betydning for beskæftigelsesrelationer og livskvalitet. Spørgsmålet har fået endnu større opmærksomhed på EU-niveau på grund af de udviklinger, som krisen har betydet for økonomien og samfundet som helhed.

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Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januar 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

I den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder opstilles EU's forpligtelser vedrørende lønninger: arbejdstageres ret til en rimelig løn, der giver mulighed for en ordentlig levestandard, sikring af tilstrækkelige mindstelønninger og forebyggelse af fattigdom blandt personer i arbejde.

Eurofounds arbejde

Eurofound aflægger regelmæssigt rapport om forskellige aspekter af løn og indkomst i lyset af de ændrede økonomiske omstændigheder rundt om i Europa.

Overvågning af lønninger

Gennem sit Europæiske Observatorium for Arbejdslivet (EurWORK) samler Eurofound en række forskellige oplysninger om løn. De regelmæssige rapporter skaber en længere række af iagttagelser af kollektivt aftalt løn, så det bliver muligt at overvåge tendenser. Eurofound offentliggør regelmæssige relevante ajourføringer om lovbestemt mindsteløn og kollektivt aftalt løn. Eurofound overvåger ligeledes udviklingen på nationalt plan vedrørende lønfastsættelsesmekanismer, ligeløn, variabel løn, lav løn og kønsbestemte lønforskelle.

Landeprofiler om arbejdslivet indeholder oplysninger om løn på nationalt plan og ajourføres regelmæssigt. EurWORK har to databaser om løn (se ressourcer nedenfor).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) vurderer ændringer i beskæftigelsen fordelt på erhverv i henhold til forskellige kvalitative foranstaltninger, inklusive løn. Den bidrager navnlig til vores viden om fænomenet beskæftigelsespolarisering – det vil sige i hvilken udstrækning væksten i beskæftigelsen vil være større i toppen og bunden af lønfordelingen end i midten.

Undersøgelsesdata

Eurofounds undersøgelser vedrører også lønforhold i EU. Løn er et centralt aspekt for Eurofounds forskning med henblik på vurdering af arbejdets kvalitet. I den europæiske undersøgelse af arbejdsvilkår (EWCS) er indtjening en af de syv indikatorer for jobkvalitet. EWCS rapporterer også om kønsbestemte lønforskelle. Se EWCS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske livskvalitetsundersøgelse (EQLS) bruges til at overvåge indkomstens betydning for levestandarder, og hvordan indkomstulighed hænger sammen med social samhørighed og velvære. Den analyserer, hvordan krisen har påvirket familier, og kigger på lavindkomstfamilier, husholdningernes gældsætning og de grupper, der risikerer at havne i fattigdom. EQLS samler også oplysninger om indkomst i pensionsalderen og mulighederne for at forlænge arbejdslivet. Se EQLS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske virksomhedsundersøgelse (ECS) ser nærmere på brugen af variable aflønningsordninger i virksomheder og organisationer, samt i hvilken udstrækning disse virksomheders og organisationers medarbejdere er omfattet af kollektive lønaftaler. Undersøgelsen gør det muligt at kæde oplysninger om variabel løn og lønforhandlinger sammen med oplysninger om arbejdets tilrettelæggelse, forvaltning af menneskelige ressourcer, direkte medarbejderdeltagelse og social dialog samt resultater og velvære på arbejdspladsen.

Key outputs

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Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Covid-19-pandemien havde forskellige konsekvenser for sociale grupper, afhængigt af hvilke ugunstige omstændigheder der gjorde sig gældende. Der var bred enighed om, at pandemien udløste en stigning i uligheder på tværs...

24 januar 2023
Publication
Research report
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Denne rapport undersøger fordelingen af husstandenes velstand i EU’s medlemsstater og analyserer den rolle, som velstand spiller for den sociale mobilitet. Ved hjælp af data fra tre datasæt (undersøgelsen af...

30 marts 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

The recent enlargement of the European Union has changed the context within which poverty and social exclusion in the Member States is understood and has highlighted the need for an expanded approach to these problems. Enlargement has widened the gap in living standards between the richest and

11 October 2005

The problem of working poverty is increasingly pressing given the higher average incidence of the phenomenon in the new Member States. It represents a complex and challenging issue for European societies, as it can arise due to either individual or household circumstances. The Foundation’s project

15 October 2004

At the heart of this Foundation study is an examination of measures and mechanisms for more coordinated policy development and implementation, leading to a more effective delivery of services to minimum income recipients. Information is being gathered on the most widely used minimum income schemes

05 October 2000

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 marts 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 februar 2017
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More than one in 10 employees in the EU are employed on temporary contracts, but a majority of them would prefer a permanent contract. Temporary contracts help employers to manage their labour demand, but there are downsides for employees, such as job insecurity and lower pay.

19 februar 2016

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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