Sooline võrdõiguslikkus
Sooline võrdõiguslikkus tähendab naiste ja meeste võrdõiguslikkust seoses nende õiguste, kohtlemise, kohustuste, võimaluste ning majanduslike ja sotsiaalsete saavutustega. Sooline võrdõiguslikkus saavutatakse siis, kui meestel ja naistel on kõigis ühiskonnakihtides ühesugused õigused, kohustused ja võimalused ning kui meeste ja naiste erinevaid huve, vajadusi ja prioriteete väärtustatakse võrdselt.
Uus ja tulevane
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15 December 2025
18 November 2025
January 2026
This report documents working conditions and job quality in the Western Balkans, drawing on data from the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey. It provides new regional insights into European working conditions and aims to raise awareness among policymakers, social partners, researchers and the wider public in the region of job quality and its importance for workers’ well-being. While the region still lags behind the EU in most job quality indicators, particularly with regard to gender equality in the workplace, the report paints a complex and diverse picture of job quality across various dimensions and countries. A region-specific combination of job demands and job resources found in several dimensions of job quality highlights some common aspects of the region’s work culture. In other cases, differences are more pronounced, even between jobs and workers in culturally close countries. Despite these challenges, many jobs in the Western Balkans demonstrate remarkable resourcefulness. With the right policies, this potential can be realised more effectively.
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15 May 2023
Gender differences in motivation to engage in platform work
The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing number of women. This policy brief investigates why women are joining the platform economy and how the motivations to perform work on platforms differ between genders. It shows that while women join platforms to gain an additional income and because it allows them the flexibility to combine work with household chores or family commitments, men are driven by the opportunities provided by platforms to work globally and to expand their client base. At the same time, findings suggest that online platforms seem to provide women with a link to the labour market that can potentially prevent their withdrawal from the labour force during different life stages. These findings suggest that policy action should focus on extending working hours regulations and work–life balance measures to all platform workers, irrespective of employment status, and promote equal sharing of care responsibilities between women and men.
13 October 2022
COVID-19 pandemic and the gender divide at work and home
The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated inequalities in many dimensions of European societies, including inequalities between women and men in several key domains. This report looks at gender inequalities that existed prior to the COVID-19 crisis and describes in what ways the pandemic has impacted on gender divides. It also analyses the various policy responses of national governments across the EU to address gender divides, and to prevent their widening during the pandemic. The effects of the pandemic on employment at EU-level has been remarkably gender-neutral on the whole, with nuances emerging within different sectors and socioeconomic groups. The pre-existing gender gaps in unpaid work have persisted, leading to work–life conflicts, especially among teleworking mothers of young children. Finally, the report describes the outlook for gender inequalities in Europe, pointing to factors that will shape the future of equality between women and men: gender segregation in labour markets, gender divides in telework and hybrid work, and gender mainstreaming in policymaking – especially in relation to caregiving and care services.
14 December 2021
European Jobs Monitor 2021: Gender gaps and the employment structure
One of the most striking developments of the last half-century has been the huge rise in the labour market participation of women. Two out of every three net new jobs created over the last two decades in the EU were taken by women. At the same time, sharply rising employment rates among older workers due to population ageing and policy changes have increased the share of older workers in the labour market. This report examines the impacts of the changing contours of labour supply on the employment structure over the last quarter-century in Europe (1995–2019). The primary focus is on gender, with a secondary focus on ageing. Among the main findings are that employment shares in gender-balanced jobs have declined despite the rising female share of employment and that gender pay gaps are highest in well-paid jobs.
14 December 2021
Understanding the gender pay gap: What role do sector and occupation play?
Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the economic sector where people work and the occupation they hold.
This policy brief examines these dimensions. It also identifies how much these and other factors contribute to gender disparities in pay. The analysis finds that, of the observable factors examined, the greater likelihood of women working in lower-paying sectors and working part-time are the most important contributors to the gender pay gap. Nevertheless, around two-thirds of the gap in the EU remains unexplained by individual and employment-related factors typically analysed, suggesting that other factors not captured by survey wage data account for the rest of it.
15 July 2021
Upward convergence in gender equality: How close is the Union of equality?
Over the last decade, the EU has made slow progress towards gender equality. As achievements in gender equality vary considerably by Member State, it is important to understand the evolution of disparities between the Member States and the implications this has for upward economic and social convergence in the EU. Crucially, the impact of the COVID-19 crisis not only threatens to undo past achievements but may well result in increasing disparities between Member States.
This policy brief, which was jointly prepared by Eurofound and EIGE, investigates patterns of convergence in gender equality as measured by the Gender Equality Index in the Member States over the 2010–2018 period.
9 December 2020
Women and labour market equality: Has COVID-19 rolled back recent gains?
Closing gender gaps in the labour market by achieving the equal participation of women is among the key objectives of the new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Despite significant progress in reducing the gender employment gap, it has stagnated over the past few years. Moreover, segregation in employment across sectors and occupations is still pervasive.
Against this background, this policy brief investigates the evolution of female labour market participation in the last decade and shows that the persisting gender employment gap cost Europe more than €320 billion per year in 2018, corresponding to 2.4% of EU GDP. The analysis also examines the disproportionate effects that the current COVID-19 crisis is having on working women, including the risk of disengagement from the labour market and the unintended consequences of confinement measures. It ends with a review of policy responses to the pandemic that have supported female employment in the short term and proposes how policy should respond in the long run to avoid rolling back decades of gains achieved in gender equality.
Eksperdid teemal Sooline võrdõiguslikkus
Eurofoundi teadlased pakuvad asjatundlikke teadmisi ja nendega saab ühendust võtta küsimuste või meediapäringute korral.
Sanna Nivakoski
Research officerSanna Nivakoski on Eurofoundi sotsiaalpoliitika üksuse teadur. Enne Eurofoundiga liitumist 2021. aastal töötas ta järeldoktorantuurina Dublini ülikooli kolledži Geary avaliku poliitika instituudis, Dublini majandus- ja sotsiaaluuringute instituudis ning Iirimaa kuninglikus kirurgide kolledžis. Ta on töötanud paljudes mikroökonoomika uurimisvaldkondades, sealhulgas pensionitulu ja rikkus, pensioni kogumine, põlvkondadevahelised ülekanded ja lesestumise rahaline mõju. Sannal on doktorikraad majanduses Dublini Trinity kolledžist.
Barbara Gerstenberger
Head of UnitBarbara Gerstenberger on Eurofoundi tööelu üksuse juhataja. Selles rollis koordineerib ta uurimisrühmi, kes uurivad töökohtade kvaliteeti Euroopas, tuginedes Euroopa töötingimuste uuringule, ning tal on üldine vastutus Euroopa tööelu vaatluskeskuse ja ELi töösuhete uurimise eest. Ta liitus Eurofoundiga 2001. aastal teadusuuringute juhina tollal vastloodud Euroopa Muutuste Seirekeskuses (EMCC). 2007. aastal asus ta üle Eurofoundi teabe- ja kommunikatsiooniüksusesse kommunikatsioonitoodete juhiks, enne kui ta määrati 2011. aastal direktoraadi koordinaatoriks. Varem töötas ta Brüsselis Euroopa Metallitööliste Föderatsiooni vanemteadurina. Ta on lõpetanud Hamburgi ülikooli politoloogia erialal ja omandanud magistrikraadi avaliku halduse alal Harvardi ülikooli Kennedy valitsuskoolis.
Carlos Vacas‑Soriano
Senior research managerCarlos Vacas Soriano on Eurofoundi tööhõiveüksuse vanemuuringute juht. Ta tegeleb teemadega, mis on seotud palkade ja sissetulekute ebavõrdsuse, miinimumpalga, madala palga, töö kvaliteedi, ajutise tööhõive ja segmenteerimise ning töö kvaliteediga. Enne Eurofoundiga liitumist 2010. aastal töötas ta Euroopa Komisjonis makromajandusanalüütikuna ja Hispaania Keskpangas Euroopa tööturgude uurijana. Tal on magistrikraad Euroopa majandusuuringutes Euroopa Kolledžist Brugges ja doktorikraad tööökonoomikas Salamanca Ülikoolist (doktor Europaeus).
Karel Fric
Research officerKarel Fric on Eurofoundi sotsiaalpoliitika üksuse teadur. Tema töö hõlmab küsitlusuuringuid, andmeanalüüsi ja projektijuhtimist, keskendudes eelkõige töö- ja elutingimustele, võrdsusele ja diskrimineerimisele. Varem töötas ta teadurina Austrias Viinis asuvas Euroopa Liidu Põhiõiguste Ametis ning Hollandis Zoetermeeris asuvas uurimis- ja konsultatsiooniorganisatsioonis Panteias. Karelil on doktorikraad sotsiaalteadustes Rotterdami Erasmuse Ülikoolist ja magistrikraad majanduses Utrechti Ülikoolist.
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