Working conditions and sustainable work
Uvjeti rada i održivi rad: analiza na temelju okvira za ocjenu kvalitete radnih mjesta
Published:
26 February 2021
Flagship report
Abstract
U ovom se ključnom izvješću iznose glavni zaključci Eurofoundova istraživanja o radnim uvjetima koje je provedeno u programskom razdoblju 2017. – 2020. U njemu se utvrđuje napredak ostvaren od 2000. i ispituje jesu li svi radnici u jednakoj mjeri imali koristi od pozitivne promjene. Poseban se naglasak stavlja na skupine koje su izložene najvećem riziku od suočavanja s lošim radnim uvjetima te zanemarivanja. Uzimajući u obzir promjene u svijetu rada, utvrđuju se novi izazovi u pogledu osiguravanja visoke razine kvalitete radnih mjesta. U izvješću se pružaju i dokazi učinkovitosti mjera koje bi mogle dodatno poboljšati rad i pridonijeti postizanju pravednih radnih uvjeta u cijelom EU-u.
Analiza je općenito pokazala da se kvaliteta radnih mjesta u EU-u poboljšava, iako se to događa sporo. Međutim, ne osjećaju svi radnici u istoj mjeri to poboljšanje. Nadalje, na radne uvjete svakog radnika znatan utjecaj imaju spol, dob i vrsta ugovora. Iako je digitalizacija pridonijela rješavanju određenih problema povezanih s kvalitetom radnih mjesta, iz nje proizlaze i novi izazovi. Zbog pandemije bolesti COVID-19 određeni su trendovi dodatno došli do izražaja, što je za posljedicu imalo porast zabrinutosti i isticanje važnosti postizanja kvalitete radnih mjesta za sve radnike.
Key findings
Radnici u EU-u danas u prosjeku imaju bolje radne uvjete nego što je to bio slučaj na početku novog tisućljeća. Kvaliteta radnog vremena nesumnjivo se poboljšala, kao i fizičko okruženje, posebno na radnim mjestima na kojima je to iznimno važno, kao što su zanimanja koja uključuju veliku izloženost fizičkim rizicima.
U današnje se vrijeme na radnim mjestima zahtijeva više vještina i nudi veća samostalnost nego što je to bio slučaj u prošlosti. To je vidljivo i u poboljšanju indeksa vještina i diskrecijskog odlučivanja.
Razvoj vještina radnika otežan je nejednakim pristupom osposobljavanju koje plaća poslodavac i nejednakim sudjelovanjem u takvom osposobljavanju. Stariji radnici u manjoj mjeri sudjeluju u osposobljavanju te je sve više razlika u pristupu među zaposlenicima s različitim vrstama ugovora (ugovor na puno radno vrijeme u odnosu na ugovor na nepuno radno vrijeme te ugovor na neodređeno vrijeme u odnosu na ugovor na određeno vrijeme).
Rodna segregacija koja je i dalje prisutna na tržištu rada odražava se i u razlikama između muškaraca i žena kad je riječ o kvaliteti radnih mjesta. Međutim, nitko nije u ukupnoj prednosti. Ipak, rodne razlike ne moraju nužno ići u prilog muškarcima, na što upućuje primjer fizičkog okruženja.
Iako i muškarci i žene općenito imaju bolje mogućnosti za razvoj karijere, muškarci i dalje imaju prednost s obzirom na tu dimenziju kvalitete radnih mjesta. Potencijalni uzrok tomu nejednaka je raspodjela odgovornosti u pogledu skrbi, što se odražava u prekidima u karijeri i drukčijim oblicima organizacije radnog vremena za žene.
Based on the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015 analysis, the data below accompany Eurofound's flagship report on working conditions and sustainable work and focus on job quality for different occupational profiles.
- Data: Job quality in the EU
The flagship report also has the following list of tables and figures.
List of tables
Table 1: Change in the composition of the workforce, EU27 and the UK, 2002–2019
Table 2: Elements of the job demands–resources model based on the EWCS
List of figures
Figure 1: The seven dimensions of job quality and the indicators composing each dimension
Figure 2: Indexed change in job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 3: Physical environment index: mean and standard deviation, by occupational category, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 4: Work intensity index: mean and standard deviation, by sector, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 5: Work intensity index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 6: Skills and discretion index: mean and standard deviation, by occupational category, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 7: Skills and discretion index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 8: Participation in paid training (%), by employment and contractual status, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 9: Associations between working time quality and occupational category, by country cluster
Figure 10: Working time quality index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 11: Long working hours (%), by employment status, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
Figure 12: Prospects index: mean and standard deviation, by occupational category, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 13: Prospects index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 14: Scores on Prospects index, by employment and sociodemographic characteristics, EU27 and the UK, 2005 and 2015
Figure 15: Receipt of support from colleagues and managers (%), EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 16: Receipt of support from colleagues and managers (%), by age group, EU27 and the UK, 2005 and 2015
Figure 17: Exposure to adverse social behaviour (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
Figure 18: Perception of fair pay (%), by Member State and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 19: Perceived appropriateness of pay, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 20: Job quality profiles: Scores on seven job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 21: Distribution of workers according to job quality profiles, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 22: Job quality profiles of men, by job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 23: Job quality profiles of women, by job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 24: Distribution of employees according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
Figure 25: Gender of immediate manager (%), by worker’s gender, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 26: Female employees reporting good prospects for career advancement and gender gap (%), EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 27: Good prospects for career advancement (%), by age and gender, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 28: Job insecurity according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
Figure 29: Employability according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
Figure 30: Employees reporting difficulty making ends meet according to occupation type (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 31: Employees reporting difficulty making ends meet according to household type (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 32: Employee experience of selected emotional demands (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
Figure 33: Average weekly working hours of employees across the life course, by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 34: Flexibility to take time off according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
Figure 35: Additional components of earnings from main job (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
Figure 36: Employees’ perception of their work–life balance (%), by age, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 37: Employees’ participation in training (%), by age and training classification, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 38: Associations between demands and resources and workers’ health and well-being
Figure 39: Proportion of workers with flexitime schedules and engaged in TICTM (%), EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 40: Workers reporting work–life balance problems (%), by work arrangement and presence or absence of children, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 41: Multiple-job holders as a proportion of total employment (%), by gender and country, EU27 and the UK, 2018
Figure 42: Job quality profiles of multiple-job holders’ main jobs, by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
Figure 43: Job quality of selected critical occupations in relation to the workforce average
Figure 44: Emotional demands on ISWs and extent of those demands (%), EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Number of pages
-
80
- Reference nº
-
EF20021
- ISBN
-
978-92-897-2150-9
- Catalogue nº
-
TJ-03-21-030-EN-N
- DOI
-
10.2806/938302
- Permalink
Members of Eurofound’s Management Board provide their reactions to and insights into Eurofound’s 2021 flagship report on Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework.
- Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic
Interview with Juha Antila, Head of Research and Development SAK, Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions.
- Digitalisation
Interview with Mario van Mierlo, Deputy Director, Social Affairs, The Dutch Confederation of Industry and Employers (VNO-NCW).
- Making work sustainable
Interview with Alain Piette, Ergonomist at the Belgian Federal Public Service Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue.
- Role of different actors in improving job quality
Interview with Rebekah Smith, Deputy Director for Social Affairs, BusinessEurope.
- Persisting challenges
Interview with Nelson Ferreira, Deputy General Inspector ACT, Portugal Labour Conditions Authority.
- Remote working
Interview with Esther Lynch, Deputy General Secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC).
Cite this publication
Eurofound (2021), Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework, Challenges and prospects in the EU series, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
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