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Naujos užimtumo formos

Naujos užimtumo formos yra bendra sąvoka, apibūdinanti įvairesnes užimtumo formas, kurios nuo apytiksliai 2000 m. atsiranda arba tampa vis svarbesnės. Greta tradicinių darbo santykių atsirandančios naujos darbo formos išsiskiria kintančiais darbo modeliais, sutartiniais santykiais, darbo vieta, trukme ir grafiku, didesniu informacinių ir ryšių technologijų (IRT) naudojimu arba šių ypatybių deriniu. 

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ES kontekstas

Dėl Europoje vykstančių socialinių, ekonominių ir technologinių pokyčių visoje Europoje atsirado naujų užimtumo formų. COVID-19 pandemija taip pat padidino naujų užimtumo formų mastą ir įvairovę. Dauguma šių formų labai skiriasi nuo tradicinio darbo. Šioms naujoms formoms būdinga tai, kad keičiasi įprasti asmeniniai darbdavio ir darbuotojo santykiai. Joms taip pat būdingi neįprasti darbo modeliai ir vietos, kuriose dirbama.

ES politikos formuotojus domina tai, kaip šios naujos užimtumo formos gali padėti sukurti atsparesnę ir labiau įtraukią darbo rinką. Be to, diskusijose nuolat svarstoma, kaip užtikrinti tinkamą socialinę apsaugą ir deramas darbo sąlygas. Itin svarbi diskusijų tema – kaip užtikrinti, kad šios naujos užimtumo formos nebūtų mažiau palankios darbuotojams nei labiau nusistovėjusios užimtumo formos.

2017 m. Europos Komisija, Europos Parlamentas ir Taryba paskelbė Europos socialinių teisių ramstį, kuriame nustatyta 20 pagrindinių principų, kurie yra būtini, kad darbo rinkos veiktų sklandžiai. Pridedamame 2021 m. veiksmų plane pažymima, kad dėl skaitmeninimo ir pandemijos sukeltų pokyčių darbo pasaulyje atsiranda poreikis surengti plačias politines diskusijas, kuriose daugiausia dėmesio būtų skiriama ne tik dalyvavimo darbo rinkoje lygiams, bet ir tinkamoms darbo sąlygoms, kurios yra kokybiškų darbo vietų pamatas.

Komisija darbo sąlygų klausimą taip pat iškėlė komunikate „Europos skaitmeninės ateities formavimas“. Geros darbo sąlygos yra sėkmingos skaitmeninės pertvarkos, kuria būtų skatinamos inovacijos ir technologijų sklaida, pagrindas.

EUROFOUND darbas naujų užimtumo formų srityje yra susijęs su Komisijos 2019–2024 m. prioritetu – prie skaitmeninio amžiaus prisitaikiusia Europa.

Pagrindiniai pranešimai

  • Visoje ES tebevyrauja standartinis užimtumas, tačiau Europos darbo rinkos pasižymi vis įvairesnėmis užimtumo formomis. 
  • Tikimasi, kad dėl dvejopos pertvarkos skaitmeninio amžiaus ir anglies dioksido neišskiriančios ekonomikos link kai kurios naujos užimtumo formos ir toliau augs. Tačiau kai kurias naujas užimtumo formas gali neigiamai paveikti COVID-19 poveikis ekonomikai ir darbo rinkai.
  • Daugelį naujų užimtumo formų lemia darbdavių ir (arba) klientų ar darbuotojų lankstumo poreikis. Kuriant naujas užimtumo formas labai svarbu užtikrinti, kad dėl šio lankstumo nesumažėtų darbuotojų apsauga.
  • Kelių naujų užimtumo formų, įskaitant mobilųjį darbą naudojantis IRT, darbą skaitmeninėse platformose, atsitiktinį darbą ir darbą pagal paslaugų kvitus, atveju, darbo laiko, atstovavimo ir sveikatos bei saugos klausimai dar turi būti sprendžiami.
  • Kitų naujų užimtumo formų atveju dėl neaiškaus darbuotojų užimtumo statuso gali sustiprėti darbo rinkos susiskaidymas.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 Gruodis 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

Kad pašalintų esamas žinių spragas, nuo 2013 m. EUROFOUND tiria ES valstybėse narėse atsirandančių naujų užimtumo formų ypatybes. Tyrime nagrinėjamas poveikis darbo sąlygoms ir darbo rinkai.

Naujų užimtumo formų skirstymas

2015 m. EUROFOUND atliko visos Europos padėties analizę, kad nustatytų naujas tendencijas. Atlikus analizę sudarytos devynios plačios užimtumo formų, kurios Europos valstybėse narėse nuo 2000 m. yra naujos arba tampa vis svarbesnės, kategorijos: dalijimasis darbuotojais, dalijimasis darbo vieta, darbas pagal paslaugų kvitus, laikinasis valdymas, atsitiktinis darbas, mobilusis darbas naudojantis IRT, darbas skaitmeninėse platformose, savarankiškai dirbančio asmens darbas daugeliui klientų ir bendradarbiavimu grindžiamas darbas. Kartu su tyrimu atlikti įvairūs atvejo tyrimai rodo, kaip šios naujos užimtumo formos taikomos valstybėse narėse, ir koks jų poveikis darbo sąlygoms ir darbo rinkai.

2020 m. EUROFOUND dar kartą atliko naujų užimtumo formų peržiūrą, per kurią buvo stebimas jų mastas, įvairovė ir paplitimas, ir atkreiptas dėmesys į didėjančią jų svarbą Europos darbo rinkoms.

Atsiranda naujų tendencijų

EUROFOUND toliau išsamiai nagrinėja kai kurias nustatytas naujas tendencijas. 2016 m. atliktame tyrime visų pirma buvo nagrinėjamas abiem pusėms, t. y. darbdaviams ir darbuotojams, naudingo strateginio dalijimosi darbuotojais potencialas. 2020 m. nuotolinio darbo ir mobiliojo darbo naudojantis IRT (angl. T/ICTM) tyrime buvo nagrinėjama, koks yra šių formų poveikis užimtumui ir darbo sąlygoms.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

This report examines the issues in relation to ‘work on demand’, a topic that has received considerable attention in the media recently, mainly due to its links with the platform economy. Work on demand is often presented as a ‘win–win situation’: workers get to tailor their work according to their

14 December 2018

Platform work is a form of employment that uses an online platform to match the supply of and demand for paid labour. In Europe, platform work is still small in scale but is rapidly developing. The types of work offered through platforms are ever-increasing, as are the challenges for existing

24 September 2018

Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that differ significantly from traditional employment. Some of these forms of employment transform the relationship between employer and employee while others change work organisation and work patterns.

25 July 2018

The onset of the digital revolution has resulted in technological advances that are constantly evolving. A key element of concern to policymakers is the impact that these changes will have on the world of work and employment. This report reviews the history of the digital revolution to date, placing

24 May 2018

This report examines developments in non-standard employment over the last decade. It looks at trends in the main categories of non-standard employment – temporary, temporary agency and part-time work and self-employment – based mainly on data from the European Union Labour Force Survey. It

13 September 2017

This report examines developments in non-standard employment over the last decade. It looks at trends in the main categories of non-standard employment – temporary, temporary agency and part-time work and self-employment – based mainly on data from the European Union Labour Force Survey.

13 July 2017

New information and communications technologies have revolutionised work and life in the 21st century. The constant connectivity enabled by these devices allows work to be performed at any time and from almost anywhere. This joint report by the ILO and Eurofound synthesises the findings of national

15 February 2017

Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs

21 November 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 Liepa 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Kovas 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 Vasaris 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Gruodis 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 Sausis 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 Spalis 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Gegužė 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 Lapkritis 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

6 Birželis 2018
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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Liepa 2016

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