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Darbaspēka novecošana

Eiropas sabiedrības novecošana politikas veidotājiem izvirza daudzus uzdevumus attiecībā uz nodarbinātību, darba apstākļiem, dzīves līmeni un labklājību. Tā ir radījusi bažas par pensiju sistēmu ilgtspēju un darbaspēka nodrošinājumu. Lai radītu nodarbinātības iespējas darbaspēkam, kas noveco, jāmaina domāšanas veids uzņēmumu, valsts un ES līmenī.

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Lai gan pēdējā desmitgadē daudzās ES valstīs vecāku darba ņēmēju nodarbinātības rādītāji ir ievērojami uzlabojušies, Eiropas Komisijas 2017. gada vienotajā nodarbinātības ziņojumā ir aplūkotas šo rādītāju turpmākās paaugstināšanas iespējas. Vecāku darba ņēmēju nodarbinātības rādītājs vecuma grupā no 55 līdz 64 gadiem 2016. gadā ES bija 55,3 % salīdzinājumā ar 66,6 % kopumā vecuma grupā no 15 līdz 64 gadiem. Vislielākais pieaugums bija vērojams vecāku sieviešu vidū.

Eiropas sociālo tiesību pīlārs nosaka sistēmu, ko piemērot, lai darba tirgi varētu pielāgoties jaunajiem uzdevumiem, vienlaikus sekmējot taisnīgumu un solidaritāti paaudžu starpā. Tajā uzsvērtas tiesības uz darba ņēmēja profesionālajām vajadzībām pielāgotu darba vidi, lai nodrošinātu iespējami ilgāku dalību darba tirgū. Turklāt nesen noslēgtajā Eiropas sociālo partneru autonomajā nolīgumā par aktīvām vecumdienām un starppaaudžu pieeju pausta apņemšanās atvieglot vecākiem darba ņēmējiem ilgāku aktīvu līdzdalību darba tirgū.

Eurofound darbs

Eurofound ir gadiem ilgi uzkrātas speciālās zināšanas jautājumos, kas saistīti ar darbaspēka novecošanu. Pētījumos kopš 1990. gada uzmanība ir pievērsta vecāku darba ņēmēju līdzdalībai darba tirgū, darba rezultātiem, darba apstākļiem un vēlamajam darbam politikas kontekstā saistībā ar Eiropas mainīgo demogrāfisko profilu. Šajā darbā uzmanība tika pievērsta arī valsts atbalstam un uzņēmumu iniciatīvām, kas sekmē vecāku darba ņēmēju nodarbinātību. Tika aplūkoti jautājumi saistībā ar vecākām darba ņēmējām, uzsverot, ka šajā grupā ir paaugstinājušies nodarbinātības rādītāji un ir palielinājies šīs grupas īpatsvars darbaspēkā, jo īpaši vecuma grupā no 55 līdz 64 gadiem.

Apsekojumu dati

Eurofound lielākās aptaujas sniedz vispusīgus datus par vecāku darba ņēmēju situāciju. Sestajā Eiropas darba apstākļu apsekojumā (EWCS) aplūkots, kā vecāki darba ņēmēji salīdzina dažādas darba kvalitātes dimensijas. Lai gan šķiet, ka vecāki darba ņēmēji darbu zaudē retāk nekā jaunāki darba ņēmēji, dati liecina, ka vecāki darba ņēmēji uzskata — zaudējot darbu, viņi nevarētu atrast līdzvērtīgi apmaksātu darbu un pat ar grūtībām varētu atgriezties darba tirgū.

Pētījumā, kura pamatā ir Eurofound piektais Eiropas darba apstākļu apsekojums (EWCS), ir aplūkots, kādas ir iezīmes vecākam darbaspēkam un darbam dažādās vecuma grupās, kā arī faktori, kuri darbspēkam, kas noveco, nodrošina darba ilgtspēju: labi darba apstākļi, fiziskā un garīgā labjutība un darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvars.

Eurofound Eiropas dzīves kvalitātes apsekojums (EQLS) sniedz konstatējumus attiecībā uz vecumu saistībā ar dažādām dzīves kvalitātes dimensijām Eiropā. Analizējot vēlamo darbu vecuma grupā pēc 50 gadiem, ņemti vērā konstatējumi no trešā EQLS un secināts, ka daudzi vecāki darba ņēmēji, pat ņemot vērā finansiālās vajadzības, vēlas strādāt mazāk stundu. Atvieglojot darba stundu un vēlamā darba pielāgošanas iespējas, var motivēt cilvēkus un nodrošināt viņiem iespēju strādāt ilgāk.

Ilgāka darba dzīve

Nesen Eurofound kopā ar trim citām ES aģentūrām centās rast vecumam labvēlīgas darba iespējas Eiropā, apzināja politikas uzdevumus saistībā ar darbaspēka novecošanu un inovatīvus risinājumus.

Daudzi darba ņēmēji nespēj vai nav motivēti strādāt līdz valsts noteiktajam pensijas vecumam. Tomēr ir arī kāda grupa, kas spēj un grib strādāt arī pēc šā vecuma sasniegšanas. Eurofound ir pētījis šo aizvien pieaugošo vēlmi turpināt darbu arī pēc pensionēšanās.

Jaunākajā pētījumā uzmanība bija pievērsta darba dzīves paildzināšanai, izmantojot elastīgas pensionēšanās shēmas, īpašu uzmanību pievēršot daļējas pensionēšanās shēmām, kas šo procesu varētu atvieglot. Arī karjeras vidusposma pārskats var sekmēt darba dzīves paildzināšanu. Pētījumā tika arī analizēts, kā tas var palīdzēt noskaidrot darba ņēmēju iespējas strādāt arī līdz vēlākam pensionēšanās vecumam. Tajā aplūkoti dažādi mehānismi, ko uzņēmumi izstrādājuši, lai saglabātu darbā vecākus darba ņēmējus.

Citos pētījumos ir dokumentētas valstu valdību un nozaru sociālo partneru iniciatīvas saglabāt vecāku darba ņēmēju līdzdalību darba tirgū, tostarp finansiāla atlīdzība un labāki darba apstākļi. Kādā no iepriekšējiem projektiem tika analizētas vecuma pārvaldības iniciatīvas pirms un pēc ekonomikas lejupslīdes, lai apzinātu labas prakses piemērus Eiropas uzņēmumos.

Resursi

Key outputs

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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 Maijs 2019
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Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 Janvāris 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 Decembris 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Portugal over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

16 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Malta over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at

16 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Latvia over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Poland over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Romania over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Slovakia over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Denmark over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Hungary over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Lithuania over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good

15 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Luxembourg over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good

15 October 2007

Online resources results (133)

Older employees cite stress and fatigue as biggest problems at work

Within the framework of the European Community EQUAL Initiative [1] project Support network for reintegration into the labour market in the Utena and Vilnius counties [2], a survey was carried out in 2005. It aimed at identifying the status of pre-pension employees in companies in these two regions

Training opportunities for older workers

The Austrian Chamber of Labour (Arbeiterkammer Österreich [1]) carried out a quantitative study on older workers, focusing on their access to and satisfaction with training, among other issues. The survey involved more than 600 employees over the age of 45 years, who are employed in six different

Company-level policies prove effective in age management

The European Commission’s Green Paper on Confronting demographic change: a new solidarity between generations (COM (2005) 94 final, 309 Kb PDF) [1] outlines the social and economic problems faced by the European Union in light of demographic developments. In terms of an ageing workforce, it is

Changed attitudes towards older workers

A qualitative case study, /New age contract/, which was carried out in 2001, emphasises that long working careers can only be built when working conditions are good and reasonable demands are made of people at all ages. Longer careers than are currently the norm will not be possible unless

Low labour market participation among older workers

The Economic Research Centre (Κέντρο Οικονομικής Έρευνας, ΚΟΕ [1]) of the University of Cyprus has conducted a study on the subject of labour market participation and retirement decisions. The study examines for the first time at a microeconomic level the factors affecting labour market

Views on retirement of middle-aged employees

The representative study on ‘ageing and remaining active’ (Älter werden – aktiv bleiben?!, 480 Kb PDF [1]), conducted on behalf of the Bertelsmann Foundation [2] (Bertelsmann Stiftung), among middle-aged employees reveals their attitude to work as they approach retirement age. The survey was carried

Companies plan for an ageing workforce

Adapting working conditions to meet the changing needs of staff plays a key role in encouraging older workers to stay at work. Adjustments can be made in three broad areas: working hours, function and tasks, and physical welfare and health at work. In the spring of 2004, the Centre for Population

Extent of discrimination against older workers

A survey was carried out in Luxembourg in order to assess the attitude of businesses towards older workers. The Centre for Population, Poverty and Socioeconomic Policy Studies (Centre d’études de populations, de pauvreté et des politiques socio-économiques, CEPS [1]) conducted the survey

Factors influencing workers to continue working until retirement age

Between 1993 and 2004, the labour force participation [1] rate of younger workers (15-24 years old) in the Netherlands was stable at around 40%. In the 25-49 year age group, the participation rate rose from 70% to 79%. However, the most remarkable finding relates to the oldest age group (50-64 years

Survey explores age-related policies, practices and preferences

New research, published in 2006 by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP [1]) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI [2]), has explored the extent to which current employment policies and practices comply with equal opportunities [3] regarding age. The report aimed to evaluate the effects


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Janvāris 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 Marts 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 Novembris 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 Jūnijs 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Janvāris 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Septembris 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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