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Starajoča se delovna sila

Staranje evropskega prebivalstva pomeni številne izzive za oblikovalce politike, povezane z zaposlovanjem, delovnimi razmerami, življenjskimi standardi in dobrim počutjem. Povzročilo je zaskrbljenost glede vzdržnosti pokojninskih sistemov in ponudbe delovne sile. Za spodbujanje možnosti zaposlovanja starajoče se delovne sile je potreben nov način razmišljanja na ravni podjetij, nacionalni ravni in ravni EU.

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EU context

Kljub znatni rasti stopenj zaposlenosti starejših delavcev v zadnjem desetletju v številnih državah EU je v skupnem poročilu Evropske komisije o zaposlovanju iz leta 2017 poudarjena možnost nadaljnjega povečevanja teh stopenj. Leta 2016 je bila v EU stopnja zaposlenosti starejših delavcev, starih od 55 do 64 let, 55,3-odstotna, medtem ko je bila pri osebah, starih od 15 do 64 let, 66,6-odstotna. Povečanje je največje pri starejših ženskah.

Evropski steber socialnih pravic zagotavlja okvir za pomoč pri prilagajanju trga dela novim izzivom, s spodbujanjem pravičnosti in solidarnosti med generacijami. Poudarja pravico do delovnega okolja, prilagojenega poklicnim potrebam delavca, da se jim omogoči, da podaljšajo svojo udeležbo na trgu dela. Poleg tega nedavni samostojni sporazum evropskih socialnih partnerjev o aktivnem staranju in medgeneracijskem pristopu vključuje zavezo za olajšanje udeležbe na trgu starejšim delavcem in omogočanje, da na njem ostanejo dlje časa.

Delo Eurofounda

Eurofound ima dolgo zgodovino strokovnega znanja na področju vprašanj, s katerimi se srečuje starajoča se delovna sila. Raziskave se od leta 1990 osredotočajo na udeležbo na trgu dela, delovno uspešnost, delovne pogoje in delovne preference starejših delavcev v političnem okviru spreminjajočega se demografskega profila Evrope. Delo se osredotoča tudi na javno podporo in pobude na ravni podjetij za spodbujanje zaposlovanja starejših delavcev. Proučujejo se starejše delavke, pri čemer se poudarja povečevanje stopenj zaposlenosti pri tej skupini in povečevanje njenega deleža v delovni sili, zlasti v starostni skupini 55–64 let.

Podatki iz raziskave

Obsežne raziskave Eurofounda zagotavljajo vrsto podatkov o položaju starejših delavcev. V šesti evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so bili proučeni pogoji starejših delavcev, ob upoštevanju različnih razsežnosti kakovosti delovnih mest. Čeprav je pri starejših delavcih verjetnost, da postanejo brezposelni, manjša kot pri mlajših, podatki kažejo, da starejši delavci menijo, da v primeru, če postanejo brezposelni, ne bodo našli podobno plačane nove zaposlitve in bodo imeli celo težave pri ponovnem vstopu na trg dela.

V študiji, ki temelji na peti Eurofoundovi evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so proučene značilnosti starejše delovne sile in dela v različnih starostnih obdobjih, pa tudi dejavniki, ki zagotavljajo trajnost dela starajoče se delovne sile: dobre delovne razmere, telesno in duševno dobro počutje ter ravnovesje med poklicnim in zasebnim življenjem.

Eurofoundova evropska raziskava o kakovosti življenja (EQLS) ponuja ugotovitve, povezane s starostjo, v zvezi z različnimi razsežnostmi kakovosti življenja v Evropi. Analiza delovnih preferenc po 50. letu temelji na ugotovitvah tretje raziskave EQLS in kaže, da številni starejši delavci raje delajo manj ur, tudi po upoštevanju njihovih finančnih potreb. Olajšanje tega tesnejšega usklajevanja delovnih ur s preferencami lahko omogoči ljudem, da delajo dlje, in jih za to motivira.

Daljša delovna doba

Eurofound se je nedavno pridružil trem drugim agencijam EU pri proučevanju starejšim prijaznega dela v Evropi, izzivov politike, povezanih s starajočo se delovno silo, in inovativnih rešitev.

Številni delavci niso sposobni ali niso motivirani za delo do zakonsko določene upokojitvene starosti. Vendar obstaja tudi skupina, ki je sposobna in pripravljena delati tudi po tem, ko doseže to starost. Eurofound je raziskal ta naraščajoči pojav nadaljevanja dela po upokojitvi.

Nedavna raziskava se je osredotočila na podaljševanje delovne dobe s prožnimi shemami upokojevanja, pri čemer so bile proučene zlasti sheme delnega upokojevanja, ki lahko to olajšajo. K daljši delovni dobi lahko prispevajo tudi pregledi na sredini poklicne poti. V raziskavi je bilo proučeno, kako lahko pomagajo pojasniti možnosti delavcev, da nadaljujejo z delom do višje upokojitvene starosti. V njih so poudarjeni različni instrumenti , ki so jih razvila podjetja, da bi zadržala starajoče se delavce.

Druga raziskava se je osredotočila na nacionalne in sektorske pobude vlad in socialnih partnerjev za zadržanje starejših delavcev na trgu dela, tudi s finančnimi spodbudami in izboljšanimi pogoji. Pri enem od prejšnjih projektov so bile analizirane pobude za upravljanje starosti, uvedene pred recesijo in po njej, za izpostavitev dobre prakse v podjetjih v Evropi.

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Key outputs

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Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

This working paper consists of examples of good practice in combating age barriers in employment in a variety of European countries. Its primary intention is to inform the debate in Europe about age and employment by providing practical examples of how 'different' private and public organisations

17 February 1998
Publication
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Online resources results (133)

Unfair treatment of older people in the labour market

In December 2013, the Slovak Republic Government [1] launched the National Programme of Active Ageing for 2014–2020 (in Slovak, 1.3 MB PDF) [2]. Its aim was to tackle the problem of the country’s ageing population and make the complex issue of ‘active ageing’ a political priority. While the

Low economic activity among people over 45

A 2013 report, Diagnosis of the current situation of women and men aged 50+ on the labour market in Poland (66 MB PDF) [1], investigates how active this age group is in the country’s labour market. It is part of a larger project focusing on ‘Equal opportunities in the labour market for people aged

Better ‘workability’ means longer careers

Every three years, the Foundation for Innovation and Labour [1], part of the Flemish Social-Economic Council (SERV [2]), carries out a survey of attitudes towards work in the Flemish Region of Belgium. The results are used to assess the ‘workability’ of jobs in the region. The survey was first

Sharp fall in minimum pension scheme claims

The French minimum pension scheme supports people on low incomes. It helps them reach the legally guaranteed minimum income.

Sharp rise in sickness absence

Sickness absence in Belgium has increased continuously since 2002. More employees take more sick leave more often, and in 2012 total absence due to sickness was 4.7% of all hours worked. This translates to an annual average of more than twelve working days’ absence per person. Short term sickness

How unskilled workers’ health deteriorates with age

In light of demographic change and the increase of the retirement age from 65 to 67, older workers are becoming increasingly important for the German labour market. While some fear increasing poverty among those who might not be able to work until the age of 67, others argue that an even higher

Inequality and discrimination in employment still high

A survey, Equality and discrimination in the workplace (in Bulgarian), [1] was commissioned by Bulgaria’s Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (MLSP [2]) and the Commission for Protection against discrimination (KZD [3]). It was part of a project, Progress Towards Equality: National Effective and

Challenges of an ageing population

In December 2012, Estonia’s Centre of Applied Social Sciences (CASS [1]) presented a study, The elderly in the Estonian labour market (in Estonian, 1.5KB PDF [2]). Its aim was to gather labour market related information on people aged between 50 and 74. The study was designed to map their situation

Employers positive about recruiting young workers

The Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development (CIPD [1]) released a report in September 2012 called Learning to Work [2], examining employers’ views of young people and their attitudes towards the recruitment of young workers. The survey, based on replies from 760 workplaces, showed that a

Rise in age-related discrimination at work

One of the purposes of the ‘Trends’ survey carried out in April 2011 by research agency Centre of Empirical Studies (STEM [1]) was to learn more about the views of Czech people on discrimination at work. This representative survey involves a set of questions that have been asked each year since 2004


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Januar 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 Marec 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 November 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 Junij 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Januar 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 September 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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