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Åldrande arbetskraft

Europas åldrande befolkning innebär en mängd utmaningar för politikerna gällande sysselsättning, arbetsvillkor, levnadsstandard och välfärd. Detta har skapat oro över pensionssystemens hållbarhet och tillhandahållandet av arbetskraft. Att främja sysselsättningsmöjligheter för en åldrande arbetskraft kräver att man tänker i nya banor på företagsnivå, nationell nivå och på EU-nivå.

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EU context

Trots betydande tillväxt i fråga om andelen äldre arbetstagare med sysselsättning under det senaste årtiondet i många EU-länder påpekas det i kommissionen gemensamma sysselsättningsrapport från 2017 att det finns potential att öka dessa andelar ytterligare. Under 2016 var sysselsättningsgraden hos äldre arbetstagare i åldern 55–64 i EU 55,3 procent jämfört med 66,6 procent för dem i åldern 15–64 som en helhet. Denna ökning har varit störst bland äldre kvinnor.

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter erbjuder en ram för att hjälpa arbetsmarknaderna att anpassa sig efter nya utmaningar samtidigt som man främjar rättvisa och solidaritet mellan generationerna. I pelaren framhålls rätten till en arbetsmiljö som är anpassad efter arbetstagarens yrkesmässiga behov för att göra det möjligt för honom eller henne att förlänga sitt deltagande på arbetsmarknaden. I det nyligen överenskomna fristående avtalet mellan Europas arbetsmarknadsparter om aktivt åldrande och en generationsöverskridande strategi åtar sig parterna att göra det lättare för äldre arbetstagare att delta aktivt och stanna kvar längre på arbetsmarknaden.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound har sedan länge expertis i frågor som rör den åldrande arbetskraften. Sedan 1990 har forskningen varit inriktad på arbetsmarknadsdeltagande, arbetsförmåga, arbetsvillkor och arbetspreferenser bland äldre arbetstagare mot den politiska bakgrund som utgörs av Europas skiftande demografiska profil. Arbetet har också fokuserat på statligt stöd och initiativ på företagsnivå som främjar sysselsättningen bland äldre arbetstagare. Man har tittat på äldre kvinnliga arbetstagare och belyst de ökande sysselsättningstalen för denna grupp och deras ökande andel av arbetskraften, särskilt i åldersgruppen 55–64.

Data från undersökningar

Eurofounds större undersökningar tillhandahåller en mängd data om situationen bland äldre arbetstagare. I den sjätte europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) tittar man på hur äldre arbetstagare skattar olika aspekter av kvalitet i arbetet. Trots att det är mindre sannolikt att äldre arbetstagare blir arbetslösa än yngre visar uppgifterna att äldre arbetstagare känner att om de blir av med sitt arbete så skulle de inte hitta ett nytt arbete med samma lön, och skulle till och med ha svårt att ta sig in på arbetsmarknaden igen.

En studie som baseras på Eurofounds femte europeiska undersökning om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) tittar på kännetecknen för den äldre arbetskraften och för arbete i olika åldrar, liksom på faktorer som gör arbetet hållbart för en åldrande arbetskraft: bra arbetsvillkor, fysiskt och psykiskt välmående samt balans mellan arbetslivet och privatlivet.

Eurofounds undersökning om livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) erbjuder åldersrelaterade uppgifter med avseende på olika aspekter av livskvalitet i Europa. En analys av arbetspreferenserna efter det att arbetstagarna fyllt 50 år utgår från uppgifter i den tredje EQLS och visar att många äldre arbetstagare föredrar att arbeta färre timmar, även med tanke på deras ekonomiska behov. Genom att underlätta denna anpassning av arbetstimmar efter preferenser kan man göra det möjligt för och motivera människor att arbeta längre.

Längre arbetsliv

Nyligen anslöt sig Eurofound till tre andra EU-byråer för att titta på åldersvänligt arbete i Europa, de politiska utmaningar som hör ihop med den åldrande arbetskraften och innovativa lösningar.

Många arbetstagare kan eller vill inte arbeta fram till den lagstadgade pensionsåldern. Det finns dock också en grupp som kan och är villig att arbeta längre än den. Eurofound har undersökt detta växande fenomen med människor som väljer att fortsätta jobba efter pensionen.

Aktuell forskning har inriktats på hur man kan förlänga arbetslivet genom flexibla pensionssystem, där man särskilt tittat på system med delpension som kan underlätta detta. Översyner mitt i karriären kan också bidra till längre arbetsliv. Forskarna har tittat på hur de kan hjälpa till att klargöra arbetstagarnas alternativ för att fortsätta arbeta till en senare pensionsålder. Forskningen belyser olika instrument som tagits fram av företag för att behålla åldrande arbetstagare.

I annan forskning dokumenterar man nationella och branschspecifika initiativ på statlig nivå och bland arbetsmarknadsparter för att behålla äldre arbetstagare på arbetsmarknaden, inklusive finansiella incitament och förbättrade villkor. Under ett tidigare projekt analyserades initiativ för hantering av åldersfrågor som introducerats före och efter lågkonjunkturen för att framhålla god praxis vid europeiska företag.

Resurser

Key outputs

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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 maj 2019
Publication
Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 januari 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

Europe is facing unprecedented demographic change including a previously unknown ageing of the population. In view of these demographic and societal changes, social inclusion of the elderly is of growing importance. In searching for measures to promote the social inclusion of the older population

02 March 2011

The results of Eurofound’s second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS 2007) show that older people run the risk of being socially excluded. The highest proportion of people reporting a feeling of being ‘left out of society’ is in the over-65 age bracket. Compared to younger age groups, a much

19 January 2010

Over the last decade, Foundation research has examined effective ways of promoting the participation of older workers in the labour market, to enhance their contribution and productivity, and prevent their early exit and unemployment. This report extends the research to the new Member States and the

21 April 2009

This issue of Foundation Findings deals with older women workers in Europe. Older women workers represent an increasing proportion of the workforce in the EU, especially in the 55–64 years age group. Employment rates for older women workers have been increasing in Europe. Foundation Findings provide

22 February 2009

The report highlights four factors which are key to shaping the age structure of Europe’s workforce: ensuring career and employment security; maintaining and promoting the health and well-being of workers; developing skills and competencies; and reconciling working and non-working life. The findings

21 September 2008

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Ireland over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

10 November 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Estonia over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

17 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Bulgaria over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

17 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in the Czech Republic over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing

17 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Cyprus over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

16 October 2007

Online resources results (133)

Older employees cite stress and fatigue as biggest problems at work

Within the framework of the European Community EQUAL Initiative [1] project Support network for reintegration into the labour market in the Utena and Vilnius counties [2], a survey was carried out in 2005. It aimed at identifying the status of pre-pension employees in companies in these two regions

Training opportunities for older workers

The Austrian Chamber of Labour (Arbeiterkammer Österreich [1]) carried out a quantitative study on older workers, focusing on their access to and satisfaction with training, among other issues. The survey involved more than 600 employees over the age of 45 years, who are employed in six different

Company-level policies prove effective in age management

The European Commission’s Green Paper on Confronting demographic change: a new solidarity between generations (COM (2005) 94 final, 309 Kb PDF) [1] outlines the social and economic problems faced by the European Union in light of demographic developments. In terms of an ageing workforce, it is

Changed attitudes towards older workers

A qualitative case study, /New age contract/, which was carried out in 2001, emphasises that long working careers can only be built when working conditions are good and reasonable demands are made of people at all ages. Longer careers than are currently the norm will not be possible unless

Low labour market participation among older workers

The Economic Research Centre (Κέντρο Οικονομικής Έρευνας, ΚΟΕ [1]) of the University of Cyprus has conducted a study on the subject of labour market participation and retirement decisions. The study examines for the first time at a microeconomic level the factors affecting labour market

Views on retirement of middle-aged employees

The representative study on ‘ageing and remaining active’ (Älter werden – aktiv bleiben?!, 480 Kb PDF [1]), conducted on behalf of the Bertelsmann Foundation [2] (Bertelsmann Stiftung), among middle-aged employees reveals their attitude to work as they approach retirement age. The survey was carried

Companies plan for an ageing workforce

Adapting working conditions to meet the changing needs of staff plays a key role in encouraging older workers to stay at work. Adjustments can be made in three broad areas: working hours, function and tasks, and physical welfare and health at work. In the spring of 2004, the Centre for Population

Extent of discrimination against older workers

A survey was carried out in Luxembourg in order to assess the attitude of businesses towards older workers. The Centre for Population, Poverty and Socioeconomic Policy Studies (Centre d’études de populations, de pauvreté et des politiques socio-économiques, CEPS [1]) conducted the survey

Factors influencing workers to continue working until retirement age

Between 1993 and 2004, the labour force participation [1] rate of younger workers (15-24 years old) in the Netherlands was stable at around 40%. In the 25-49 year age group, the participation rate rose from 70% to 79%. However, the most remarkable finding relates to the oldest age group (50-64 years

Survey explores age-related policies, practices and preferences

New research, published in 2006 by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP [1]) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI [2]), has explored the extent to which current employment policies and practices comply with equal opportunities [3] regarding age. The report aimed to evaluate the effects


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 januari 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 mars 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 juni 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 januari 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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