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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

Labour market slack is the shortfall between the volume of work desired by workers and the actual volume of work available. The most important indicator of labour slack is the unemployment rate, but an exclusive focus on this fails to take account of the four-fifths of the jobless population who are

18 July 2017

This report examines developments in non-standard employment over the last decade. It looks at trends in the main categories of non-standard employment – temporary, temporary agency and part-time work and self-employment – based mainly on data from the European Union Labour Force Survey.

13 July 2017

Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs

21 November 2016

The fraudulent contracting of work is an important issue in many European countries today. EU and national policymakers have turned their attention to violations of the basic protection provided by employment law and collective bargaining that are linked to the fraudulent use of certain employment

21 November 2016

Smartphone car service Uber, a successful company example of the sharing economy, has spread to many EU Member States in recent years. However, many employers and unions are concerned about its challenge to fair competition for other businesses in the sector and about the erosion of working

25 January 2016

Europe has begun to emerge from the prolonged slump caused by the global financial crisis in 2008 and exacerbated by the euro zone single-currency crisis in 2010–2011. In the last year, aggregate employment levels have risen faster than at any time since 2008. This, the fourth annual European Jobs

09 July 2015

An increasing number of European workers have part-time jobs or non-standard types of work, such as the zero-hours employment contracts that have become common in the UK. Yet most European workers with temporary contracts would like permanent jobs, and one third of people working part time would

14 April 2015

This report examines employment opportunities for people with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and mental health problems in the EU28 Member States and Norway. People with a chronic disease may have a

14 November 2014

This report describes recent structural shifts in employment in European labour markets before, during and after the 2008–2009 recession. It finds that employment destruction across Europe in the recession was strongly polarising in terms of the wage structure, while there was less polarisation in

13 March 2013

This report describes the impact of the ‘great recession’ on employment and the job structure in the EU27. It finds that despite a net loss of over five million jobs between 2008–2010, employment continued to grow in top-paying jobs, largely in knowledge-intensive services and business services

16 January 2012

Online resources results (152)

Helping ‘inactive’ women acquire skills for job market

A study commissioned by the National Commission for the Promotion of Equality (NCPE [1]) and co-funded by the European Union (EU [2]) has assessed the skills of ‘inactive’ women in Malta. The research was part of a broader project called Unlocking the Female Potential [3] (ESF 3.47). The results of

Government urged to do more to help the unemployed

Research by Estonia’s National Audit Office (NAO [1]) has investigated ways the state has tackled the issue of unemployment in the country. The report, State activity in bringing the unemployed to the labour market (in Estonian, 1,39Mb PDF [2]), assessed the support provided by the Estonian

Domestic work and the shadow economy

A study into undeclared work in the domestic sector, In the depth of the shadows: domestic work, gender and immigration (in Portuguese, 443KB PDF) [1], has been published by the School of Economics and Management at the Technical University of Lisbon (ISEG-UTL [2]). The study, based on doctoral

Positive reaction to outplacement from job-seekers

Outplacement in Belgium provides specialised support for people who have lost their jobs. It has become an increasingly important instrument in Belgian labour policy. Outplacement has been particularly useful where collective redundancies have been made. It has been seen to support dismissed

Impact of the crisis on gender equality

The main aim of the report, The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies (3MB PDF) [1], is to chart the impact of the financial and economic crisis on those working in the EU and on gender equality [2] policies in particular. The report was

Effects of the economic crisis on employment

The effects of the economic crisis in Spain have been analysed by the First of May Foundation [1], a non-profit institution created by the Trade Union Confederation of Workers’ Committees (CCOO [2]). Its findings have been published in a report, The economic crisis and its effects on jobs in Spain

Economic crisis hits small businesses hard

A new survey in Greece has highlighted the devastating effect of the financial crisis on small businesses, which make up the vast majority of the country’s economy. The survey is the second conducted in 2012, and the eighth in a series carried out by the Institute of Small Enterprises of the

Uncovering the hidden face of undeclared work

The book /Invisible Portugal/, published in 2010 and reprinted in 2012, includes a chapter called ‘Is Undeclared Work Invisible?’ This chapter explores the relationship between regular employment and undeclared work. It identifies a range of possible motives for undeclared work, and show how they

Collective agreement breaches in hotel sector

A survey by the Cyprus Labour Institute (INEK-PEO [1]) has highlighted the multifaceted issue of breaches in collective agreements in the hotel industry. It has also looked into the extent of these breaches and at the groups of workers directly affected. [1] http://www.inek.org.cy/english/

Trends in undeclared work

The Slovakian government has been working for a number of years to combat the number of people involved in undeclared work [1]. [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/undeclared-work


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 februari 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 maj 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 april 2020

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