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El salario mínimo

El término «salario mínimo» alude a diversas restricciones reglamentarias del salario mínimo abonable por los empresarios a los trabajadores. Los salarios mínimos legales son regulados por leyes o estatutos formales. Los niveles mínimos acordados colectivamente están estipulados en convenios colectivos celebrados entre sindicatos y empresarios.

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From January to June 2024, Eurofound supports the work of Belgium's presidency of the Council of the EU, providing valuable research results on specific topics linked with the presidency priorities.

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A carefully selected panel of agreements with reliable time series of negotiated wage rates for 2015 to 2022 was created for 20 countries with sufficient data.

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Contexto de la UE

Infografia

La mayoría de los Estados miembros de la UE tienen establecido un salario mínimo legal obligatorio, aunque su nivel, sus mecanismos de ajuste y su cobertura varían. Austria, Dinamarca, Finlandia, Italia y Suecia tienen salarios mínimos establecidos en los convenios colectivos, mientras que Chipre tiene niveles de salario mínimo legales para diferentes ocupaciones.

Las instituciones de la UE proclamaron conjuntamente el pilar europeo de derechos sociales en noviembre de 2017, por el que se establecía el compromiso de la UE con los salarios justos para los trabajadores. Esto incluye garantizar a los trabajadores salarios adecuados que les permitan a ellos y a sus familias tener un nivel de vida digno, protegiendo la capacidad de los trabajadores poco cualificados y jóvenes para encontrar empleo, además de hacer que el trabajo sea económicamente atractivo.

La nueva Comisión Europea, que tomó posesión en diciembre de 2019, reiteró este compromiso al introducir en el orden del día una iniciativa de reforma para un salario mínimo en la UE. La visión de la Comisión de una Europa social fuerte prepara el camino para un plan de acción para aplicar el pilar social. El 28 de octubre de 2020, la Comisión presentó una propuesta de Directiva de la UE sobre salarios mínimos adecuados, tras dos rondas de consultas con los interlocutores sociales en febrero y junio. El objetivo es que, para 2024, todos los trabajadores de la UE tengan un salario justo y adecuado, independientemente de dónde vivan.

El trabajo de Eurofound sobre los salarios mínimos está vinculado con la prioridad de la Comisión 2019-2024 relativa a una economía al servicio de las personas.

Mensajes clave

· Las mujeres están sobrerrepresentadas entre los trabajadores que perciben el salario mínimo en casi todos los Estados miembros, independientemente de cómo se definan.

· Uno de cada 10 trabajadores de la UE percibía en torno al salario mínimo (+/- 10 %) en 2017.

· En 2019, numerosos Estados miembros debatían la posibilidad de un considerable incremento adicional de los salarios mínimos más allá de 2020, en parte en relación con un objetivo relativo, en parte en términos absolutos.

· Los salarios mínimos legales se han vuelto más equitativos en comparación con los salarios de otros trabajadores desde el inicio del milenio, si se comparan los salarios mínimos legales con los salarios medios del conjunto de los trabajadores.

· A pesar de la tendencia al alza, los salarios mínimos en la mayoría de los países permanecen por debajo del 69 % o incluso por debajo del 50 % de los salarios medios. Esto es particularmente cierto en el caso de los Estados miembros de Europa central y oriental, cuyos niveles eran relativamente bajos a comienzos del milenio y cuya legislación sobre el salario mínimo sigue fijando objetivos de en torno a un 50 % o incluso menos.

· En conjunto, 7 de cada 10 trabajadores que perciben el salario mínimo comunican como mínimo cierta dificultad para llegar a fin de mes, porcentaje que entre los otros trabajadores no llega a 5 de cada 10 ; no obstante, estas cifras varían considerablemente entre un país y otro. Por ejemplo, menos del 10 % de los trabajadores que perciben el salario mínimo encuentran dificultades o grandes dificultades en Dinamarca, Finlandia, Alemania y Suecia; en comparación, estos porcentajes oscilan entre el 50 % y el 60 % en Bulgaria, Croacia y Chipre y el 80 % en Grecia.

· Los gobiernos de toda Europa están adoptando medidas de estabilización de los ingresos para las personas afectadas por la crisis de la COVID-19. Los salarios mínimos pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la combinación de medidas orientadas a estabilizar los ingresos y, en consecuencia, ayudar a contrarrestar una espiral recesiva o de depresión.

· La base de datos EU PolicyWatch de Eurofound también pone de relieve que los gobiernos se han referido a menudo al salario mínimo legal al determinar umbrales superiores o inferiores para el nivel de prestaciones de apoyo a la renta, como las medidas de reducción del tiempo de trabajo.

· En particular, los sectores y ocupaciones con un mayor porcentaje de trabajadores que perciben el salario mínimo se han visto fuertemente afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19: los trabajadores de la agricultura (15 % de trabajadores que perciben el salario mínimo en el sector y en torno al 20 % en algunos empleos agrícolas), el comercio minorista (13 %) o los trabajadores de la limpieza y auxiliares (25 %) son algunos de los que mantienen a la sociedad en marcha en momentos de distanciamiento social y confinamiento.

· Otros sectores y ocupaciones con grandes porcentajes de trabajadores que perciben el salario mínimo —en particular el sector hotelero y hostelero (16 %), el sector del arte, el ocio, las actividades recreativas o el trabajo doméstico (14 %) o los trabajadores de servicios a las personas (16 %)— fueron de los primeros en sentir los efectos de las medidas de salud pública impuestas al inicio de la COVID-19.

Eurofound research

Eurofound provides regular updates on pay in the EU, including an annual study on how minimum wage rates have developed across the EU (as well as Norway and the UK), reviewing how national governments and social partners engage in setting new rates. It also looks at the concept of a living wage, aimed at guaranteeing workers and their families a decent level of living and social participation in response to the inadequacy of income for many working households reliant on existing statutory minimum wage rates.

Pay developments

The annual review on minimum wages for 2023 summarises how minimum wage rates were set during 2022. 

In an earlier study on pay in Europe in the 21st century , Eurofound explored the implications of a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage coordinated at EU level and set at 60% of the median national wage.

Impact of COVID-19 for low-wage earners

COVID-19 is likely to impact the ongoing minimum wage debate, as many workers delivering essential services during the pandemic are at the bottom of the pay ladder, like workers in retail, food-supply chains or care roles. Others low-wage workers, like workers in the accommodation and food sector, or in leisure and entertainment services, have been the first affected by unemployment. With unemployment on the rise, it will be important to see how minimum wages can contribute to the policy mix governments and social partners are currently applying to cushion the economic and social impacts. Eurofound’s e-survey on Living, working and COVID-19 shows that nearly half of households are already struggling to make ends meet. Minimum wages could play a policy role in stabilising incomes.

Minimum wage versus living wage

Most EU countries have a statutory minimum wage. A related but distinct concept is that of a living wage, which is a wage designed to secure a basic but acceptable standard of living for its earner (and, in some cases, household dependents). The living wage rate is based on a detailed, regularly updated costing of the basic services and goods required for such a standard of living and is intended in part to reflect the inadequacy of prevailing statutory minima for that end. Living wage campaigns are generally voluntary and rely on coalitions of interest groups, trade unions and employers working together. These campaigns can take on an advocacy role (Ireland) as well as an accreditation role (UK) where organisations are formally accredited as living wage employers. In line with the fair wage provisions set out in the Social Pillar, Eurofound research aims to provide policymakers with a practical guide to the living wage concept.

EU context

Most EU Member States have a statutory national minimum wage in place, although its level, adjustment mechanisms and coverage vary. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden have minimum wages set within collective agreements, while Cyprus has statutory rates for different occupations.

The EU institutions jointly proclaimed the European Pillar of Social Rights in November 2017, setting out the EU’s commitment to fair wages for workers. This includes ensuring adequate wages for workers to allow them and their families to have a decent standard of living, safeguarding the ability of the low-skilled and young workers to find employment, while also making work financially attractive. 

The new European Commission, which took office in December 2019, reiterated this commitment, putting a reform initiative for an EU minimum wage on the agenda. The Commission’s vision for a strong social Europe prepares the way for an Action Plan to implement the Social Pillar. On 28 October 2020, the Commission put forward a proposal for an EU Directive on adequate minimum wages. This was followed by a political agreement between the European Parliament and the Member States on 7 June 2022. The Minimum Wages Directive was adopted in October 2022. The aim is that by 2024 all workers in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live. 

Eurofound’s work on minimum wages links in with the Commission’s 2019–2024 priority on an economy that works for people. 

 

Key outputs

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Enero 2024
Publication
Research report
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La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de...

29 Junio 2023
Publication
Research report
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This series reports on developments in minimum wage rates across the EU, including how they are set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. The...

22 Enero 2020

Trabajo en curso

Eurofound proporciona actualizaciones periódicas sobre la remuneración en la UE, en particular un estudio anual sobre la evolución de los salarios mínimos en toda la UE (así como en Noruega y el Reino Unido) en el que se revisa el modo en que los gobiernos nacionales y los interlocutores sociales participan en la fijación de los nuevos niveles. También analiza el concepto de salario digno, destinado a garantizar a los trabajadores y a sus familias un nivel de vida digno y una participación social en respuesta a la insuficiencia de ingresos de muchos hogares que trabajan y dependen de los salarios mínimos legales existentes.

Evolución de la remuneración

En la revisión anual sobre los salarios mínimos para 2021 se resume cómo se fijaron los niveles de los salarios mínimos durante 2020, un año marcado por la pandemia de COVID-19. Examina las dificultades a las que se enfrentaron los responsables políticos nacionales y su reacción frente a las repercusiones de las consecuencias económicas y sociales de la pandemia en el momento de tomar decisiones relativas al salario mínimo. Refleja hasta qué grado se hizo referencia a los salarios mínimos entre las medidas de apoyo relacionadas con la COVID-19. Analiza los avances realizados en el marco de la iniciativa de la UE relativa a los salarios mínimos adecuados y refleja las reacciones de los interlocutores sociales a escala de la UE y de los responsables políticos nacionales.

En un estudio anterior sobre la remuneración en Europa en el siglo XXI Eurofound analizó las implicaciones de un escenario hipotético de un salario mínimo coordinado a escala de la UE y fijado en el 60 % del salario nacional medio.

Impacto de la COVID-19 para los trabajadores que perciben un salario bajo

Es probable que la COVID-19 afecte al actual debate sobre el salario mínimo, ya que muchos trabajadores que prestan servicios esenciales durante la pandemia se encuentran en la parte inferior de la escala salarial, al igual que los trabajadores del sector minorista, las cadenas alimentarias o las funciones asistenciales. Otros trabajadores que perciben un salario bajo, como los del sector de la hostelería y la alimentación o los de los servicios de ocio y entretenimiento, han sido los primeros afectados por el desempleo. Con el aumento del desempleo, será importante ver cómo los salarios mínimos pueden contribuir a la combinación de políticas que los gobiernos y los interlocutores sociales están aplicando actualmente para mitigar las repercusiones económicas y sociales. La encuesta electrónica de Eurofound sobre La vida, el trabajo y la COVID-19 pone de relieve que casi la mitad de los hogares ya tienen dificultades para llegar a fin de mes. Los salarios mínimos podrían desempeñar un papel político importante en la estabilización de los ingresos.

Salario mínimo frente a salario digno

La mayoría de los países de la UE tienen fijado un salario mínimo legal. Un concepto relacionado, pero distinto, es el de un salario digno, que es un salario diseñado para garantizar un nivel de vida básico pero aceptable para el asalariado (y, en algunos casos, para los familiares dependientes). El salario digno se basa en una estimación detallada y actualizada de los costes de los bienes y servicios básicos necesarios para alcanzar este nivel de vida y tiene por objeto reflejar en parte la insuficiencia de los niveles mínimos legales vigentes a tal fin. Las campañas por un salario digno suelen ser voluntarias y se basan en coaliciones de grupos de interés, sindicatos y empresarios que trabajan juntos. Estas campañas pueden cumplir una función de promoción (Irlanda) o una función de acreditación (Reino Unido), en la que las organizaciones están acreditadas formalmente como empleadores con salarios dignos. De conformidad con las disposiciones sobre salarios justos establecidas en el pilar social, la investigación de Eurofound tiene por objeto proporcionar a los responsables políticos una guía práctica para el concepto de salario digno.

Proyecto piloto sobre modificaciones del salario mínimo

A petición del Parlamento Europeo y de la Comisión, Eurofound llevará a cabo un proyecto piloto sobre las modificaciones del salario mínimo en la UE entre 2021 y 2023. Para obtener más información, véase la sección «Trabajos en curso».

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (28)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de los salarios nominales en muchos países, en bastantes casos no fue suficiente para mantener el poder adquisitivo de los

29 June 2023

El presente informe se lleva a cabo en el contexto del proyecto piloto trienal (2021-2023), «El papel del salario mínimo en el establecimiento de la Garantía Laboral Universal», encargado a Eurofound por la Comisión Europea. Se centra en el módulo 3 del proyecto, en el que se analizan los salarios

30 November 2022

Tras una prudente ronda de fijación del salario mínimo para 2021, las tasas nominales aumentaron significativamente en 2022, a medida que las consecuencias negativas de la pandemia se relajaban y mejoraban las economías y los mercados laborales. En este contexto, 20 de los 21 Estados miembros de la

15 June 2022

El presente informe resume cómo se fijaron en 2020 los salarios mínimos para 2021, el año marcado por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Examina las dificultades a las que se enfrentaron los responsables políticos nacionales y su reacción frente a las repercusiones de las consecuencias económicas y

10 June 2021

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

This report sets out to describe what labour market segmentation is and why it is problematic for the labour market and society, as well as disadvantaged groups. It takes a broad view of the term to examine the situation that arises when the divergence in working conditions between different groups

02 December 2019

Upward convergence is a process whereby the performance of EU Member States in a given domain or range of domains is seen to improve while gaps between Member States reduce. Achieving upward convergence is of crucial importance to the EU, as the increase of disparities among Member States threatens

25 September 2019

Online resources results (117)

A look behind 80% bargaining coverage: What do collective agreements actually contain?

The EU Minimum Wage Directive aims to achieve a collective bargaining coverage of 80%. However, not all collective agreements regulate workers’ pay and in some cases pay rates remain outdated for too long.

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea
10 Enero 2024
Image of young women placing an order to a waiter in a cafe

Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

Patterns and trends in social partner involvement in times of crises. 20-21 March 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Swedish Presidency, Stockholm. Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound.

23 Marzo 2023
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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

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Collective bargaining and social dialogue – Back to normal in 2021?

Two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, social dialogue continues to make a significant contribution to helping economies recover. Managing the crisis led many governments to rely on tripartite social dialogue to develop the policies that would mitigate the negative impact of the

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Minimum wages and minimum wage setting processes are not just issues of high political importance in Europe, but also everyday concerns for low-wage earners throughout the EU. In this episode of Eurofound Talks we speak with Senior Research Manager Christine Aumayr-Pintar on the importance of minimu
9 Junio 2022
Podcast

Blogs results (10)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Junio 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Octubre 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Junio 2021
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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

28 Octubre 2020
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Minimum wages, one of the cornerstone issues for Ursula von der Leyen’s Commission, were a hot topic in the EU at the beginning of the year. Then the COVID-19 public health crisis struck. Now, with an economic crisis and recession looming, the question is not only what impact the crisis has had on

7 Julio 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 Abril 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Enero 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 Julio 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 Junio 2018
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 Febrero 2017
Upcoming publications results (1)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024
Data results (9)

A carefully selected panel of agreements with reliable time series of negotiated wage rates for 2015 to 2022 was created for 20 countries with sufficient data.

15 Febrero 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 Febrero 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 Febrero 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 Febrero 2024

Eurofound selected a sample of 692 agreements to be included with complete information (fully coded) in the database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers.

15 Febrero 2024

The database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers is available as interactive dashboard.

14 Febrero 2024

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Enero 2024
Origen:
Reference period:

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

29 Junio 2023
Origen:
Reference period:
Data catalogue

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