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Minimālā alga

Termins “minimālā alga” apzīmē dažādus normatīvus ierobežojumus, ar ko nosaka zemāko algas likmi, kas darba devējiem jāmaksā darba ņēmējiem. Ar likumu noteiktās minimālās algas apmēru regulē oficiāli tiesību akti vai statūti. Minimālās summas, par ko panākta kopīga vienošanās, nosaka darba koplīgumos starp arodbiedrībām un darba devējiem.

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 Jūnijs 2024
Publication
Research report

ES konteksts

Infografika

 

Vairumā ES dalībvalstu ir ar likumu noteikta minimālā alga, ko piemēro visā valstī, tomēr tās apmērs, koriģēšanas mehānismi un tvērums atšķiras. Austrijā, Dānijā, Somijā, Itālijā un Zviedrijā minimālā alga ir noteikta darba koplīgumos, savukārt Kiprā ir dažāds ar likumu noteikts minimālās algas apmērs dažādām profesijām.

ES iestādes 2017. gada novembrī kopīgi izsludināja Eiropas sociālo tiesību pīlāru, kurā ir noteikta ES apņemšanās nodrošināt darba ņēmējiem taisnīgu algu. Tas cita starpā nozīmē nodrošināt darba ņēmējiem tādu algu, ar ko pietiek, lai viņi varētu sev un savai ģimenei nodrošināt pienācīgu dzīves līmeni, un arī saglabāt mazkvalificētu un gados jaunu darba ņēmēju iespējas atrast darbu, vienlaikus padarot darbu finansiāli pievilcīgu.

Jaunā Eiropas Komisija, kas sāka darbu 2019. gada decembrī, apstiprināja šo apņemšanos, ieplānojot ES minimālās algas reformas iniciatīvu. Komisijas redzējums par spēcīgu sociālo Eiropu bruģē ceļu uz rīcības plānu, ar ko īsteno sociālo tiesību pīlāru . Komisija, divās kārtās februārī un jūnijā apspriedusies ar sociālajiem partneriem, 2020. gada 28. oktobrī nāca klajā ar priekšlikumu ES direktīvai par adekvātu minimālo algu. Mērķis ir līdz 2024. gadam panākt, ka visi darba ņēmēji Eiropas Savienībā nopelna taisnīgu un adekvātu algu neatkarīgi no viņu dzīvesvietas.

Eurofound darbs minimālās algas jautājumos ir saistīts ar Komisijas 2019.–2024. gada prioritāti par ekonomiku, kas darbojas cilvēku labā.

Galvenie vēstījumi

· Lielākā daļa minimālās algas saņēmēju gandrīz visās dalībvalstīs ir sievietes neatkarīgi no tā, kā ir definēti minimālās algas saņēmēji.

· 2017. gadā desmitajai daļai darba ņēmēju ES alga bija aptuveni minimālās algas apmērā (+/–10 %).

· 2019. gadā daudzās ES valstīs norisinājās diskusijas par minimālās algas turpmāku būtisku palielināšanu pēc 2020. gada — daļēji relatīvā, daļēji absolūtā izteiksmē.

· Salīdzinot ar likumu noteikto minimālo algu ar visu darba ņēmēju medianālo algu, jāsecina, ka ar likumu noteiktā minimālā alga salīdzinājumā ar pārējām darba ņēmēju algām kopš tūkstošgades sākuma ir kļuvusi taisnīgāka.

· Lai gan minimālajai algai ir tendence augt, vairumā valstu tā joprojām ir mazāka par 60 % vai pat 50 % no medianālās algas. Tas jo īpaši attiecas uz Centrāleiropas un Austrumeiropas ES dalībvalstīm, kurās tūkstošgades sākumā minimālā alga bija salīdzinoši ļoti zemā līmenī un kuru noteikumos par minimālo algu noteiktais mērķrādītājs joprojām ir ap 50 % vai mazāks.

· Kopumā 7 no katriem 10 darba ņēmējiem, kuri saņem minimālo algu, norāda vismaz uz nelielām grūtībām nodrošināt iztiku, atšķirībā no pārējiem darba ņēmējiem, kuru vidū šis rādītājs ir mazāk nekā 5 no katriem 10. Tomēr šie skaitļi ievērojami atšķiras atkarībā no valsts. Piemēram, Dānijā, Somijā, Vācijā un Zviedrijā mazāk nekā 10 % no darba ņēmējiem, kuri saņem minimālo algu, uzskata, ka viņiem ir grūti vai ļoti grūti nodrošināt iztiku. Salīdzinājumam — šis rādītājs Bulgārijā, Horvātijā un Kiprā ir 50–60 %, bet Grieķijā — 80 %.

· Eiropas valstu valdības reaģē, ieviešot ienākumu stabilizācijas pasākumus tiem, kurus skārusi Covid-19 krīze. Minimālā alga var būt viens no politikas pasākumiem, ar ko stabilizēt ienākumus un tādējādi palīdzēt novērst situācijas pasliktināšanos līdz recesijai vai depresijai.

· Eurofound datubāze “EU PolicyWatch” arī liecina, ka valstu valdības bieži vien ir ņēmušas vērā ar likumu noteikto minimālo algu, nosakot augstāko vai zemāko robežu ienākumu pabalstiem, ko izmaksā, piemēram, daļēja bezdarba gadījumā.

· Covid-19 pandēmija ir īpaši smagi skārusi nozares un profesijas, kurās strādā lielāks minimālās algas saņēmēju īpatsvars; lauksaimniecības strādnieki (15 % minimālās algas saņēmēju visā nozarē un aptuveni 20 % dažos lauksaimniecības darbos), mazumtirdzniecības darbinieki (13 %) vai apkopēji un palīgi (25 %) ir vieni no tiem, kas palīdz sabiedrībai turpināt darboties sociālās distancēšanās un pārvietošanās ierobežojumu laikā.

· Citas nozares un profesijas ar salīdzinoši lielu minimālās algas saņēmēju īpatsvaru, īpaši izmitināšanas un viesmīlības (16 %), mākslas, izklaides, atpūtas nozare vai mājsaimniecībās strādājošie (14 %) vai individuālo pakalpojumu sniedzēji (16 %), bija vienas no tām, kas sabiedrības veselības pasākumu sekas izjuta jau pašā Covid-19 pandēmijas sākumā.

Eurofound research

Eurofound provides regular updates on pay in the EU, including an annual study on how minimum wage rates have developed across the EU (as well as Norway), reviewing how national governments and social partners engage in setting new rates. It also looks at the concept of a living wage, aimed at guaranteeing workers and their families a decent level of living and social participation in response to the inadequacy of income for many working households reliant on existing national minimum wage rates.

Pay developments

The annual review on minimum wages for 2024 summarises how minimum wage rates were set during 2023. Eurofound published a set of minimum wage country profiles in May 2024 which provide detailed background information on how minimum wages are set and regulated in the EU and Norway. 

In an earlier study on pay in Europe in the 21st century, Eurofound explored the implications of a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage coordinated at EU level and set at 60% of the median national wage.

Impact of COVID-19 for low-wage earners

COVID-19 is likely to impact the ongoing minimum wage debate, as many workers delivering essential services during the pandemic are at the bottom of the pay ladder, like workers in retail, food-supply chains or care roles. Others low-wage workers, like workers in the accommodation and food sector, or in leisure and entertainment services, were the first affected by unemployment during the pandemic. It will be important to see how minimum wages can contribute to the policy measures governments and social partners are applying to cushion the economic and social impacts. Eurofound’s e-survey on Living, working and COVID-19 shows that nearly half of households in the EU are struggling to makes ends meet. Minimum wages could play a policy role in stabilising incomes. 

Minimum wage versus living wage

Most EU countries have a national minimum wage. A related but distinct concept is that of a living wage, which is a wage designed to secure a basic but acceptable standard of living for its earner (and, in some cases, household dependents). The living wage rate is based on a detailed, regularly updated costing of the basic services and goods required for such a standard of living and is intended in part to reflect the inadequacy of prevailing statutory minima for that end. Living wage campaigns are generally voluntary and rely on coalitions of interest groups, trade unions and employers working together. These campaigns can take on an advocacy role (Ireland) as well as an accreditation role (UK) where organisations are formally accredited as living wage employers. In line with the fair wage provisions set out in the European Pillar of Social Rights, Eurofound research aims to provide policymakers with a practical guide to the living wage concept.

EU context

Most EU Member States have a statutory national minimum wage in place, although its level, adjustment mechanisms and coverage vary. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden have minimum wages set within collective agreements, while Cyprus has statutory rates for different occupations.

The EU institutions jointly proclaimed the European Pillar of Social Rights in November 2017, setting out the EU’s commitment to fair wages for workers. This includes ensuring adequate wages for workers to allow them and their families to have a decent standard of living, safeguarding the ability of the low-skilled and young workers to find employment, while also making work financially attractive. 

The European Commission of 2019–2024 put a reform initiative for an EU minimum wage on the agenda. The Commission’s vision for a strong social Europe prepared the way for an Action Plan to implement the Social Pillar. On 28 October 2020, the Commission put forward a proposal for an EU Directive on adequate minimum wages. This was followed by a political agreement between the European Parliament and the Member States on 7 June 2022. The Minimum Wages Directive was adopted in October 2022. It aims to improve standards of living with a view to achieving upward convergence and reducing in-work poverty, wage inequalities, and the gender pay gap. By November 2024, Member States have to transpose the directive into national law, and ensure that statutory minimum wages are adequate. 

Eurofound’s work on minimum wages links in with the Commission’s 2019–2024 priority on an economy that works for people. 

 

Key outputs

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Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

Data Item
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Janvāris 2024
Publication
Research report
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This series reports on developments in minimum wage rates across the EU, including how they are set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. The...

22 Janvāris 2020

Pašreiz notiekošais darbs

Eurofound regulāri sniedz jaunāko informāciju par darba samaksu ES, tostarp ik gadu veic pētījumu par to, kā visā ES (un arī Norvēģijā un Apvienotajā Karalistē) ir mainījies minimālās algas līmenis un kā valstu valdības un sociālie partneri iesaistās jauna algas apmēra noteikšanā. Tas aplūko arī iztikas minimuma jēdzienu. Iztikas minimuma mērķis ir garantēt darba ņēmējiem un viņu ģimenēm pienācīgu dzīves līmeni un iespējas piedalīties sabiedrības norisēs, un tas mēģina atrisināt problēmu, ka daudzām mājsaimniecībām, kuru locekļi strādā un saņem ar likumu noteikto minimālo algu, ienākumi nav pietiekami.

Darba samaksas izmaiņas

2021. gada pārskatā par minimālo algu ir rezumēts, kā minimālās algas līmenis tika noteikts 2020. gadā, ko iezīmēja Covid-19 pandēmija. Tajā ir aplūkotas grūtības, ar kurām saskārās valstu lēmumu pieņēmēji, un tas, kā viņi reaģēja uz pandēmijas ekonomiskajām un sociālajām sekām, pieņemot lēmumus par minimālo algu. Tas atspoguļo, cik lielā mērā minimālās algas tika minētas ar Covid-19 saistītajos atbalsta pasākumos. Tajā aplūkoti panākumi, kas gūti saistībā ar ES iniciatīvu par adekvātu minimālo algu, un atspoguļotas ES līmeņa sociālo partneru un valstu lēmumu pieņēmēju reakcijas.

Kādā agrākā pētījumā par darba samaksu Eiropā 21. gadsimtā Eurofound izpētīja, kādas sekas varētu būt hipotētiskam scenārijam, saskaņā ar kuru minimālā alga būtu saskaņota ES līmenī un tās līmenis būtu noteikts 60 % apmērā no valsts medianālās algas.

Covid-19 ietekme uz cilvēkiem ar mazu algu

Covid-19, visticamāk, ietekmēs pašreizējās diskusijas par minimālo algu, jo daudzi darbinieki, kas sniedz pamatpakalpojumus pandēmijā, ir darba samaksas skalas pašā apakšā, piemēram, darbinieki mazumtirdzniecības sektorā, pārtikas piegādes ķēdēs vai aprūpes nozarē. Citi darbinieki, kas saņem mazu algu, piemēram, darbinieki izmitināšanas un ēdināšanas nozarē vai brīvā laika un izklaides pakalpojumu nozarē, bija pirmie, kas palika bez darba. Augot bezdarba līmenim, būs svarīgi pievērst uzmanību tam, kādu ieguldījumu minimālā alga var sniegt politikas pasākumu kopumā, ko valdības un sociālie partneri patlaban īsteno, lai mazinātu ekonomiskās un sociālās sekas. Eurofound elektroniskais apsekojums Dzīve, darbs un Covid-19 liecina, ka gandrīz pusei mājsaimniecību jau ir grūti nodrošināt sev iztiku. Minimālā alga varētu būt politisks pasākums ienākumu stabilizēšanai.

Minimālā alga salīdzinājumā ar iztikas minimumu

Vairumā ES valstu ir ar likumu noteikta minimālā alga. Ar to saistīts, bet atsevišķs jēdziens ir iztikas minimums, kas ir tāda alga, kura nodrošina vienkāršus, bet pieņemamus dzīves apstākļus tās saņēmējam (un dažos gadījumos arī apgādājamām personām tai pašā mājsaimniecībā). Iztikas minimuma apmēru aprēķina, pamatojoties uz detalizēti noteiktām un regulāri atjauninātām izmaksām, kas rodas par šādu dzīves apstākļu nodrošināšanai nepieciešamajiem pamata pakalpojumiem un precēm, un viens no tā mērķiem ir parādīt, ka spēkā esošā ar likumu noteiktā minimālā alga šim mērķim nav pietiekama. Iztikas minimuma kampaņas parasti ir brīvprātīgas un ir atkarīgas no interešu grupu koalīciju, arodbiedrību un darba devēju sadarbības. Šīs kampaņas var izpausties kā interešu aizstāvība (Īrija) vai kā akreditācija (Apvienotā Karaliste), t. i., organizācijas tiek oficiāli akreditētas kā darba devēji, kas nodrošina iztikas minimumu. Saskaņā ar sociālo tiesību pīlārā izklāstītajiem noteikumiem par taisnīgu algu Eurofound pētījumu mērķis ir sniegt politikas veidotājiem praktiskus norādījumus par iztikas minimuma jēdzienu.

Minimālās algas izmaiņu pilotprojekts

Pēc Eiropas Parlamenta un Komisijas pieprasījuma Eurofound īstenos pilotprojektu, kas attiecas uz minimālās algas izmaiņām ES no 2021. līdz 2023. gadam. Sīkāku informāciju skatiet sadaļā “Patlaban notiekošais darbs” (“Ongoing work”) zemāk.

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (29)

This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes of setting the minimum wage rates for 2024 and beyond. It investigates the extent to which minimum wage earners were affected by

26 June 2024

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

2023. gada pārskats par minimālajām algām tika sagatavots bezprecedenta inflācijas kontekstā visā Eiropā. Lai gan tas daudzās valstīs izraisīja ievērojamu nominālo algu līmeņu pieaugumu, daudzos gadījumos ar to nepietika, lai saglabātu darba ņēmēju pirktspēju. Pamatojoties uz pēdējo desmit gadu

29 June 2023

Šis ziņojums ir sagatavots saistībā ar trīs gadu (2021.–2023. gada) pilotprojektu “Minimālās algas nozīme vispārējās darba garantijas izveidē”, ko Eiropas Komisija bija uzticējusi Eurofound. Ziņojuma uzmanības centrā ir projekta 3. modulis, kurā pētītas minimālās algas un citi atalgojuma veidi

30 November 2022

Pēc piesardzīgi noteiktās 2021. gada minimālās algas, mazinoties pandēmijas negatīvajām sekām un uzlabojoties ekonomikai un darba tirgiem, nominālās likmes 2022. gadā ievērojami pieauga. Šajā kontekstā 20 no 21 ES dalībvalsts, kurās ir ar likumu noteiktas minimālās algas, paaugstināja likmes

15 June 2022

Šajā ziņojumā ir apkopots, kā minimālās algas likmes 2021. gadam tika noteiktas 2020. gadā — gadā, ko iezīmēja COVID-19 pandēmija. Tajā ir aplūkotas grūtības, ar kurām saskārās valstu lēmumu pieņēmēji, un tas, kā viņi reaģēja uz pandēmijas ekonomiskā un sociālā krituma problēmām, pieņemot lēmumus

10 June 2021

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

This report sets out to describe what labour market segmentation is and why it is problematic for the labour market and society, as well as disadvantaged groups. It takes a broad view of the term to examine the situation that arises when the divergence in working conditions between different groups

02 December 2019

Online resources results (118)

Towards adequate minimum wages: Fairness and a decent standard of living

The adequacy of minimum wages established by the EU Minimum Wage Directive shall be assessed on two dimensions: fairness and the provision of a decent standard of living. It is up to the Member States to decide on their approaches to assessing the adequacy of minimum wage levels.

A look behind 80% bargaining coverage: What do collective agreements actually contain?

The EU Minimum Wage Directive aims to achieve a collective bargaining coverage of 80%. However, not all collective agreements regulate workers’ pay and in some cases pay rates remain outdated for too long.

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea

10 Janvāris 2024
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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

Patterns and trends in social partner involvement in times of crises. 20-21 March 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Swedish Presidency, Stockholm. Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound.

23 Marts 2023
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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

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Collective bargaining and social dialogue – Back to normal in 2021?

Two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, social dialogue continues to make a significant contribution to helping economies recover. Managing the crisis led many governments to rely on tripartite social dialogue to develop the policies that would mitigate the negative impact of the


Blogs results (10)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power amo

15 Jūnijs 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially depriv

26 Oktobris 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Jūnijs 2021
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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers (i

28 Oktobris 2020
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Minimum wages, one of the cornerstone issues for Ursula von der Leyen’s Commission, were a hot topic in the EU at the beginning of the year. Then the COVID-19 public health crisis struck. Now, with an economic crisis and recession looming, the question is not only what impact the crisis has had on m

7 Jūlijs 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 Aprīlis 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Janvāris 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although fail

17 Jūlijs 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-pai

14 Jūnijs 2018
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit eq

27 Februāris 2017
Data results (10)

A carefully selected panel of agreements with reliable time series of negotiated wage rates for 2015 to 2022 was created for 20 countries with sufficient data.

15 Februāris 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 Februāris 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 Februāris 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 Februāris 2024

Eurofound selected a sample of 692 agreements to be included with complete information (fully coded) in the database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers.

15 Februāris 2024

The database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers is available as interactive dashboard.

14 Februāris 2024

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Janvāris 2024
Avots:
Reference period:

This database aims to provide researchers and policymakers with a set of country-level data on wages, working time and collective disputes.

20 Septembris 2023

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

29 Jūnijs 2023
Avots:
Reference period:
Data catalogue

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.