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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

Finland is a unitary state where the highest organs of government are the parliament, the president and the government. The Finnish public administration has two tiers: the state administration and the self-governing municipalities. The state administration operates on all three administrative

13 January 2014

The total number of people employed in the public sector grew from around 317,000 in 2001 to 360,000 in 2008, a growth of 14%. Excluding commercial state-sponsored bodies, the numbers employed in the public service grew from 270,000 in 2000 to 320,000 in 2008, a growth of 19%. Since the financial

13 January 2014

Germany is a federal country made up of 16 federal states (Länder) and the federation (Bund). The Länder are states with sovereign rights and responsibilities that are not devolved from the federation, but are granted to them by the Basic Law. Each state has its own government, parliament, courts

13 January 2014

There is an absence of commonly agreed definitions of key concepts such as public sector, public services and public administration, not to mention ‘central’ public administration. This absence is problematic when comparing several institutions, or even when addressing different issues within one

13 January 2014

Croatia became the 28th Member State of the European Union on 1 July 2013. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe in order to provide knowledge to assist in the development of social and work-related policies. This fact sheet presents information about Croatia

11 July 2013

Lithuania became a Member State of the European Union in 2004 and took up the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July 2013. It is the largest of the three Baltic states, with a population of three million. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe

08 July 2013

This report examines shifts in the pattern of production and employment between different countries and regions of Europe. Based on findings from a series of company case studies, it looks at the location of job creation and job destruction in multinational companies across the 25 EU Member States

12 March 2009

This report presents results from the Employment Options Survey with a special focus on the relationship between private living circumstances and labour market participation. Gender, age, marital status and children do have an influence on employment rates as well as on working conditions. The

17 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

Online resources results (89)

New Employment Contracts Act in force

The Employment Contracts Act – known as the "constitution for working life" - is a cornerstone of Finnish employment law, and governs such basic issues as drawing up contracts of employment, the rights and duties of employers and employees, the terms and conditions of employment, the grounds for

Works Constitution Act reform adopted

On 22 June 2001, the lower house of the German parliament (Bundestag) passed legislation [1] to reform the Works Constitution [2] Act (Bertriebsverfassungsgesetz, BetrVG) by a majority of 336 votes to 208. The reform of the law, which determines the legal framework for co-determination at the level

UK to extend rights and labour market support for disabled people

According to the /Labour Force Survey/ (winter 1999/2000) there are 6.64 million people with long-term disabilities (3.48 million men, 3.16 million women) in the UK - 18% of the working age population. Of these, 5.47 million have work-limiting disabilities (2.92 million men, 2.55 million women)

The management of workplace stress

While Ireland's much-vaunted "Celtic Tiger" economy continues to generate strong economic growth and reductions in unemployment, a number of negative aspects are evident in an increasingly frenetic economic climate. One of these is that there is increased evidence of workplace stress, particularly

Corus announces large-scale redundancies

On 1 February 2000, management at Corus, the Anglo-Dutch steel-maker, announced that there were to be 6,000 job losses in its UK operations over the next two years in an attempt to stem losses at the troubled group. The cuts are to fall particularly hard in South Wales where around half of the

Increase in atypical work weakens employees' motivation

In January 2001, the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) published the findings of a survey investigating the views and work situation of its members. The results show a significant increase in "atypical" employment contracts. The effects of this development are found to include a

Survey examines workers' views on employment and unions

Greek workers are in favour of the 35-hour working week, but not of current government industrial relations policy, while their main priorities include quality of life, job security and working conditions. Only a third are union members but the great majority are in favour of trade unions. These are

Industrial disputes rose in 1999

According to data published by the French Ministry of Employment and Solidarity in November 2000, there was a marked rise in the number of working days lost due to strikes in 1999, compared with 1998. Almost half of all disputes in 1999 were mainly related to either pay or employment. However, the

Problems mount for UK automotive manufacturers in face of increased competitive pressures

The announcement on 12 December 2000 by General Motors, the USA-based parent company of Vauxhall Motors, that it is to shut its Luton plant dealt another blow to an already beleaguered UK car industry. BMW's shock break-up of the troubled Rover Group started the ball rolling in March (UK0004164F [1]

Industrial relations implications of the liberalisation of the UK electricity sector

The UK led the way in the deregulation of the energy sector, a process that has now spread throughout Europe. In 1999 the first phase of the creation of the "European internal market" in electricity was completed. Under Directive 96/92/EC [1], Member States were required to open up 25% of the


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 März 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Dezember 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 Dezember 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 November 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Juni 2018

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