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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

Finland is a unitary state where the highest organs of government are the parliament, the president and the government. The Finnish public administration has two tiers: the state administration and the self-governing municipalities. The state administration operates on all three administrative

13 January 2014

The total number of people employed in the public sector grew from around 317,000 in 2001 to 360,000 in 2008, a growth of 14%. Excluding commercial state-sponsored bodies, the numbers employed in the public service grew from 270,000 in 2000 to 320,000 in 2008, a growth of 19%. Since the financial

13 January 2014

Germany is a federal country made up of 16 federal states (Länder) and the federation (Bund). The Länder are states with sovereign rights and responsibilities that are not devolved from the federation, but are granted to them by the Basic Law. Each state has its own government, parliament, courts

13 January 2014

There is an absence of commonly agreed definitions of key concepts such as public sector, public services and public administration, not to mention ‘central’ public administration. This absence is problematic when comparing several institutions, or even when addressing different issues within one

13 January 2014

Croatia became the 28th Member State of the European Union on 1 July 2013. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe in order to provide knowledge to assist in the development of social and work-related policies. This fact sheet presents information about Croatia

11 July 2013

Lithuania became a Member State of the European Union in 2004 and took up the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July 2013. It is the largest of the three Baltic states, with a population of three million. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe

08 July 2013

This report examines shifts in the pattern of production and employment between different countries and regions of Europe. Based on findings from a series of company case studies, it looks at the location of job creation and job destruction in multinational companies across the 25 EU Member States

12 March 2009

This report presents results from the Employment Options Survey with a special focus on the relationship between private living circumstances and labour market participation. Gender, age, marital status and children do have an influence on employment rates as well as on working conditions. The

17 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

Online resources results (89)

Unions refute threat from demise of the traditional job

A popular view has emerged that the UK is experiencing the demise of the "conventional job" based on full-time, open-ended employment. A recent Department of Trade and Industry discussion paper, (/Work and parents: competitiveness and choice/, September 2000) notes that "the concept of a 'standard'

Employment gains importance in company-level bargaining

Employment is gaining importance in collective bargaining at company level in Spain. A significant number of collective agreements deal with this question and they do so in greater scope and complexity than in the past. These are among the findings of a recent study on this topic, issued in April

Committee issues report on future of working life

On 2 December 1999, the government-appointed Working Life Committee (Arbeidslivskomiteen) delivered its report on the future challenges facing Norwegian working life. The rationale for the committee's work is the apparent need for more flexible ways of organising working life, in the face of

Seniority rules examined

Public debate on employment protection - ie protection against dismissal and redundancy - has been going on for a long time, and in 1974 a major Act on Employment Protection (lagen om anställningsskydd, LAS) was passed. The debate started anew at the beginning of the 1990s. The issues of the

Insolvency law and the interests of employees

Dutch insolvency law places emphasis on the interests of creditors. Employee interests are subordinate, but are not completely ignored. This is clear from a recent judicial decision and from a new bill that was presented to the cabinet in October 1999.

Employment security in banking: the case of the Co-operative Bank

The results of the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey [1] (WERS 98), published in September 1999, show that job security guarantees are significantly more widespread in the financial services sector than in almost every other part of the economy. Staff in almost 40% of workplaces in financial

The industrial relations implications of the British Steel/Hoogovens merger

In early June 1999, British Steel and the Dutch steel producer Hoogovens announced their intention to merge in a deal valued at GBP 3.9 billion. The merged entity will be the largest steel firm in Europe and the third biggest in the world, producing 22.5 million tonnes of steel per year. As the

Report finds that wage rigidity remains high, even during high unemployment

A report entitled Survey evidence on wage rigidity and unemployment: Sweden in the 1990s [1] was presented on 29 June 1999. The study is based on two surveys, one conducted in 1991, the other in 1998, aiming to explore among managers from 157 companies in the Swedish manufacturing industry how a

Problems mark implementation of Dutch Flexibility and Security Act

Approximately 80,000 employees with a flexible employment contract have benefited from the Flexibility and Security Act, which took effect in the Netherlands on 1 January 1999, with the intention of improving job security. However, a survey published in April 1999 has also revealed negative

Government intends to reform law on temporary employment agencies

The Spanish government announced in April 1999 that it intends to reform the law on temporary employment agencies before the end of its term of office. Trade unions have for some time been calling for legal changes to improve the working conditions of agency employees, but the resistance of the


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 März 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Dezember 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 Dezember 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 November 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Juni 2018

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