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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

The report describes the impact of the ‘great recession’ on employment and the job structure in the EU27. Quintile charts are used to give a simple, graphical representation of the extent of employment change in a given period as well as an indication of how that change has been distributed across

10 October 2011

Despite progress during the last generation, gender gaps in the labour market are closing only gradually, if at all. At EU level the gap remains at over 17% and has not declined in recent years. Variations in national gender pay gaps around this average figure do not reveal any obvious pattern in

18 May 2009

Overall dissatisfaction with their working conditions and job situation among temporary agency workers would seem to indicate the existence of poor working conditions among this group. However, specific health and quality of work indicators paint a more ambiguous picture. They reveal that the main

30 August 2004

This working paper uses data from the third European Survey on Working Conditions to look at changes in employment relations between 1996 and 2000. It analyses the relationship between employment status and working conditions. The concept of employment status is two-dimensional. The research

13 August 2002

During the summer of 1998 more than 30,000 persons aged between 16 to 64 years from 16 European countries were interviewed about their current employment status, their working conditions and their preferences. This leaflet summarises the main findings of the survey in relation to self-employment and

22 June 2000

A summary of the results of research on the relationship between employment status and health. A bibliographic review was undertaken and data from the 1996 Second European Survey on Working Conditions complemented by Eurostat data was also analysed.

03 August 1999

Online resources results (152)

Assessing the nature and extent of undeclared work

In 2003, the Economic and Social Studies Society (Sociedade de Estudos Económicos e Sociais, S2E2 [1]) carried out a study on behalf of the Directorate General of Studies, Statistics and Planning – currently the Office for Strategy and Planning (Gabinete de Estratégia e Planeamento, GEP [2]) – on

New research on call centre industry

A study (1.16Mb PDF) [1] on Malta’s call centre industry was commissioned by the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [2]) in 2008. The study, which was published in September 2008, is based on information gathered from two main sources: from eight employers involved in the call centre industry

More jobs but less employment security in retail sector

In April 2008, the National Confederation of Greek Traders (Εθνική Συνομοσπονδία Ελληνικού Εμπορίου, ESEE [1]) presented the Annual report on Greek wholesale and retail trade for 2007 (in Greek) [2]. The report contains a chapter describing structural developments and the main features of employment

Bogus self-employment found to be on the rise

The issue of bogus self-employment was addressed by the Research Institute for Labour and Social Affairs (Výzkumný Ústav Práce a Sociálních Vĕcí, RILSA [1]) in a project entitled the ‘Social and economic position of self-employed workers in society’ (2006–2007) (Sociálně ekonomické postavení osob

High incidence of atypical work among women

Over the past decade, women’s presence has increased in all aspects of the labour market including long-term, fixed-term, temporary and freelance employment. From 1993 to 2006, female employment increased by 1,683,000 workers, which represents a rise of 23% – amounting to 39% of total employment in

Use and abuse of non-standard employment contracts

Labour market reforms in 1997 (IT9709310F [1], IT9707308F [2]) and 2003 (IT0307204F [3]) introduced new forms of employment contracts, such as temporary agency work, staff leasing and on-call work. The reforms also reclassified most non-permanent employment contracts and various attempts have since

Employment experiences of Bulgarian migrant workers

A report entitled ‘Return migration’s profile and experience: Empirical evidence from Bulgaria (353Kb PDF) [1]’ was published in July 2006 in the framework of a project conducted in partnership by the Global Development Network Southeast Europe (GDN-SEE [2]) and the Vienna Institute for

Inspections find numerous cases of illegal work

In Slovakia, illegal work and illegal employment – essentially work undeclared to the relevant authorities for tax, social security and other purposes – are regulated by:

Transnational nature of temporary agency work

Temporary agency workers – meaning workers who are employed through temporary work agencies – in Luxembourg were the subject of a study (in French, 3.4Mb PDF) [1] by the Centre for Population, Poverty and Public Policy Studies (Centre d’Études de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio

Significant gap between students’ employment expectations and reality

The Economics Research Centre (Κέντρο Οικονομικών Ερευνών, ΚΟΕ [1]) at the University of Cyprus [2] (Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου) published a study entitled /Students’ employment and earnings expectations in Cyprus/ in December 2007. The study is based on data on graduates and undergraduates in various


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 veebruar 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 Mai 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 aprill 2020

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