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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

The report describes the impact of the ‘great recession’ on employment and the job structure in the EU27. Quintile charts are used to give a simple, graphical representation of the extent of employment change in a given period as well as an indication of how that change has been distributed across

10 October 2011

Despite progress during the last generation, gender gaps in the labour market are closing only gradually, if at all. At EU level the gap remains at over 17% and has not declined in recent years. Variations in national gender pay gaps around this average figure do not reveal any obvious pattern in

18 May 2009

Overall dissatisfaction with their working conditions and job situation among temporary agency workers would seem to indicate the existence of poor working conditions among this group. However, specific health and quality of work indicators paint a more ambiguous picture. They reveal that the main

30 August 2004

This working paper uses data from the third European Survey on Working Conditions to look at changes in employment relations between 1996 and 2000. It analyses the relationship between employment status and working conditions. The concept of employment status is two-dimensional. The research

13 August 2002

During the summer of 1998 more than 30,000 persons aged between 16 to 64 years from 16 European countries were interviewed about their current employment status, their working conditions and their preferences. This leaflet summarises the main findings of the survey in relation to self-employment and

22 June 2000

A summary of the results of research on the relationship between employment status and health. A bibliographic review was undertaken and data from the 1996 Second European Survey on Working Conditions complemented by Eurostat data was also analysed.

03 August 1999

Online resources results (152)

Low degree of working time flexibility

In June 2004, the National Statistical Institute (NSI [1]) carried out an ad hoc labour market survey as part of the harmonised EU programme for business and consumer surveys. The survey was conducted in the industry, retail trade and services sectors. Employers in 3,131 enterprises were interviewed

Union calls for equal rights for temporary agency workers

The Trades Union Congress (TUC [1]) report Agency Workers – Counting the cost of flexibility (288Kb PDF) [2] takes data from the nationally representative Labour Force Survey (LFS, Summer 2006) of 60,000 private household addresses in the UK. It supplements them with case study data from the

School-to-work transition of young people

In October 2006, the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]) published a report (876Kb PDF) [2] on how young people in Malta deal with the transition from school to employment. The report is based on several sources, including a survey carried out among 497 young people who have undergone the

Low participation of women in the labour market

The Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (MIGS [1]) was founded in 2001 as a non-profit organisation and is affiliated to Intercollege, one of the main private higher education institutions in the Republic of Cyprus. In its Shadow Report 2006 [2] for the Convention on the elimination of all

Increase in flexible forms of work

Employers as well as experts often claim that the Slovenian labour market and employment relations are rather rigid, with the majority of workers in relatively secure full-time, permanent (open-ended) employment. According to Labour Force Survey data for the second quarter of 2006, 90.7% of employed

More people working and fewer accidents at work

Compared with 2004, the number of economically active persons in Poland increased by 321,000 workers in 2005, amounting to an overall workforce of 14.1 million people. Looking at the gender distribution of the workforce, men account for 55.3% of the total. The number of unemployed persons, meanwhile

Factors influencing type of employment contract

The annual Living in Luxembourg socioeconomic panel (/Panel Socio-Économique Liewen zu Lëtzebuerg/, PSELL-3) survey has revealed that some 89% of employees resident in Luxembourg work on an open-ended employment contract (see below for further details about the survey). This high proportion of open

Unpaid work prevalent in agricultural sector

In addition to the traditional categories of employee, employer and self-employed person, the structure of employment according to occupational status includes unpaid family workers. The Household Labour Force Survey (/Ancheta forţei de muncă în gospodării/, AMIGO), conducted annually by the

Impact of job control and demands on temporary and permanent workers

The recent increase in temporary employment has provided an opportunity to re-evaluate well-established stress models. Models that proved to be predictive among permanent workers are being retested among temporary workers, that is, employees who hold dependent jobs of limited duration, as in the

Work and employment in the creative industries

The study carried out by Joanneum Research [1] and FORBA [2] investigated areas such as working conditions, career paths and strategies for coping with work pressure. [1] http://www.joanneum.at [2] http://www.forba.at


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 veebruar 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 Mai 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 aprill 2020

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