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Vananev tööjõud

Euroopa vananev tööjõud tekitab poliitikutele palju probleeme seoses tööhõive, töötingimuste, elatustaseme ja heaoluga. See on tekitanud muret seoses pensionisüsteemide jätkusuutlikkuse ja tööjõupakkumisega. Vananeva tööjõu tööhõivevõimaluste edendamine eeldab uut mõtteviisi ettevõtte, riigi ja ELi tasandil.

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Vaatamata eakate töötajate tööhõivemäärade märkimisväärsele suurenemisele ELi riikides viimase kümne aasta jooksul rõhutatakse Euroopa Komisjoni 2017. aasta ühises tööhõivearuandes võimalust, et need määrad suurenevad veelgi. Aastal 2016 oli 55–64-aastaste eakate töötajate tööhõivemäär ELis 55,3%, samas kui 15–64-aastaste hulgas tervikuna oli see 66,6%. Tööhõivemäär on kõige rohkem suurenenud eakate naiste hulgas.

Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste sammas on raamistik, mis aitab tööturgudel uute väljakutsetega kohaneda, edendades samas põlvkondadevahelist õiglust ja solidaarsust. Selles rõhutatakse õigust töökeskkonnale, mis on kohandatud töötajate kutsealaste vajadustega, et võimaldada neil pikendada oma osalemist tööturul. Veelgi enam, hiljuti sõlmitud Euroopa sotsiaalpartnerite autonoomne kokkulepe aktiivse vananemise ja põlvkondadevahelise lähenemisviisi kohta pikendab eakate töötajate aktiivsemat ja pikemat osalemist tööturul.

Eurofoundi töö

Eurofoundil on suur kogemustepagas vananeva tööjõu küsimustes. Alates 1990. aastatest on olnud Euroopa muutuva demograafilise profiili kontekstis uuringute keskmes tööturul osalemine, töövõime, töötingimused ja eakate töötajate eelistused. Töö on keskendunud ka avalikele toetustele ja ettevõtte tasandi algatustele, millega edendatakse eakate töötajate tööhõivet. Selles on vaadeldud eakaid naistöötajaid, tuues välja selle töörühma suureneva tööhõive määra ja nende tööjõu kasvava osakaalu, eriti 55–64-aastaste vanuserühmas.

Uuringuandmed

Eurofoundi suuremates uuringutes on esitatud eakate töötajate olukorra kohta mitmesuguseid andmeid. Euroopa kuuendas töötingimuste uuringus võrreldakse eakate töötajaid töökvaliteedi eri omadusi. Ehkki eakate töötajate töötuks jäämise tõenäosus on väiksem kui noorematel, on eakad andmete põhjal arvamusel, et töötuks jäädes ei leia nad samaväärse palgatasemega tööd ja neil oleks isegi raskusi uuesti tööturule sisenemisel.

Eurofoundi Euroopa viiendal töötingimuste uuringul põhinevas uurimusel vaadeldakse eaka tööjõu ja eri vanuses töötamise tunnuseid ja tegureid, mis muudavad töö eakale tööjõule jätkusuutlikuks: head töötingimused, füüsiline ja vaimne heaolu ning töö- ja eraelu tasakaal.

Eurofoundi Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringus on esitatud vanusega seotud tulemused seoses erinevate elukvaliteedi aspektidega Euroopas. Üle 50-aastaste isikute tööeelistuste analüüs põhineb Euroopa kolmanda elukvaliteedi uuringu tulemustel ja selles näidatakse, et paljud eakad töötajad eelistavad töötada vähem tunde isegi pärast rahaliste vajaduste arvestamist. Tööaja eelistuste arvestamine võimaldab kauem töötada ja ühtlasi motiveerib seda tegema.

Pikem tööelu

Eurofound liitus hiljuti kolme muu ELi ametiga, kui vaatles eakohast tööd Euroopas, vananeva tööjõuga seotud poliitilisi probleeme ja uuenduslikke lahendusi.

Paljud inimesed ei suuda või ei soovi töötada ametliku pensionieani. Siiski on olemas ka rühm inimesi, kes suudavad ja soovivad töötada sellest kauem. Eurofound on uurinud üha sagenevat tendentsi, kus inimesed asuvad tööle pärast pensionile jäämist.

Hiljutised uuringud on keskendunud tööelu pikendamisele paindlike pensionile jäämise kavade kaudu, pöörates erilist tähelepanu osaliselt pensionile jäämise kavadele, mis seda hõlbustavad. Karjääri keskel tehtavad kokkuvõtted saavad ka pikendada tööelu. Uuringutes on vaadeldud, kuidas need aitavad selgitada töötajate võimalusi jääda tööle kuni hilisema pensionieani. Tuuakse välja ettevõtete väljatöötatud erinevad vahendid, et hoida eakaid töötajaid tööl.

Muudes uuringutes dokumenteeritakse valitsuste ja sotsiaalpartnerite riiklikud ja valdkonnapõhised algatused, et hoida eakaid töötajaid tööturul, sealhulgas rahalised soodustused ja tõhustatud tingimused. Varasemas projektis analüüsiti enne ja pärast majanduslangust juurutatud vanuse käsitlemise algatusi, et tuua esile Euroopa ettevõtete head tavad.

Allikad

Key outputs

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Käesolevas aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju eakate kodanike elukvaliteedile, sealhulgas mõju nende heaolule, rahaasjadele, tööhõivele ja sotsiaalsele kaasatusele. Aruandes uuritakse mõju hooldusteenuste kasutamisele ja eakate sõltumist muust toetusest. Aruandes tutvustatakse...

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See juhtaruanne võtab kokku programmiperioodil 2017–2020 tehtud Eurofoundi töötingimuste uuringute peamised järeldused. Selles kaardistatakse alates 2000. aastast tehtud edusammud töötingimuste parandamisel ja vaadeldakse, kas kõik töötajad on positiivsetest muutustest võrdselt...

26 veebruar 2021
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Flagship report
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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 Mai 2019
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Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 jaanuar 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 detsember 2017
Publication
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Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

According to representatives of the company interviewed for this case study, there has been a greater willingness to recruit people aged 50 or more during the economic cycle of the past two to three years, but this is cyclical. Typically, when demand for labour increases in a positive economic cycle

22 January 2012

There is a clearly defined age management policy in place in Proniks Ltd. Older staff are considered to be a valuable asset. In other jobs and sectors, older employees may be considered less suitable for employment for a number of reasons (e.g. lack of up-to-date skills), this is not the case in

22 January 2012

Cambridgeshire County Council’s 2006–2010 people strategy sets priorities and limits on age management of employees. It commits the council to encouraging and maintaining diversity in recruitment and promotion, letting of contracts, training, and in publicity for and access to services. To support

22 January 2012

MOL faces a number of challenges related to an ageing workforce. As a formerly state-owned company, there is a tradition of lifelong careers that makes MOL attractive for employees. HR policies currently continue to support lifelong employment. The company’s approach is to seek to employ workers as

22 January 2012

The HR department at Ford works in accordance with the Ford Collective Agreement agreed directly at the company level. The Collective Agreement has some specific policies aimed at older workers and these are implemented fully at Ford. The following elements of the Agreement directly affect this age

22 January 2012

The experience of Made in Inox shows that micro-businesses are unlikely to have a dedicated human resources policy. Rather, they will have a general approach with informal processes, some specific age-related initiatives, and they will also aim to foster a specific organisational culture. Micro

22 January 2012

In the Netherlands, until 2008 workers over the age of 52 were entitled to additional holiday entitlements of one day a week. However, as part of the efforts to make employing older staff more attractive to companies, the trade unions agreed that in some sectors older workers should lose their

22 January 2012

BT has an ‘age neutral’ approach to promoting diversity and equality among age groups in its workforce. The organisation’s equal opportunities and diversity policy aims to ensure everyone should have the same opportunities for employment and promotion based on their ability, qualifications and

22 January 2012

MT age management policies are viewed internally to be in line with trends among similar large companies in Hungary. Large companies, including MT, are generally characterised by a relatively secure position in the market. They are subsequently able to maintain a consistent HR policy towards

22 January 2012

Respondents in Kiruna Regional Administration agree that there have been rapid developments within local governments with relation to age management. In the early 2000s, the primary concern of local governments was to encourage older employees to leave employment early. By 2010, concerns had shifted

22 January 2012

Online resources results (133)

Older workers show highest levels of company loyalty

In 2007, Factum Group [1] – a partnership of central and eastern European market research agencies – conducted international research into workers’ attitudes, loyalty to their employer and job satisfaction in seven countries, including Lithuania. In Lithuania, the study was carried out by the Market

Factors determining early exit from employment

A study on ‘Early exit from employment’ was conducted by the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]) in 2007. The main aim of the study was to assess the key factors influencing the early retirement choices of older workers. The report aimed to contribute

Labour market participation of older people

In the context of the EU EQUAL [1] initiative, the Empeiria Development Partnership, whose coordinating partner is the Economic and Social Council of Greece (Oικονομική και Κοινωνική Επιτροπή, ΟΚΕ [2]), has carried out studies and research (in Greek) [3] on the issue of ‘active ageing’. The key

Increase in generational wage gap since early 1990s

In September 2007, the Research Unit of the Central Bank of Italy (Banca d’Italia [1]) published a working paper entitled The generation gap: Relative earnings of young and old workers in Italy (862Kb PDF) [2]. The paper examines the developments of labour market entry wages, as well as the gap

Managing the transition from work to retirement

According to the analysis of the survey findings on the Transition from work into retirement (3.5Mb PDF, in Polish and English) [1] which was published by the Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS [2]) in 2007, persons aged 55 to 64 years show a very low level of economic

Report signals employment challenges in the EU despite continuing economic growth

The European Commission has outlined key messages (148Kb PDF) [1] from its report Employment in Europe 2007 [2]. The report begins by providing a brief analysis of European labour markets (Chapter 1 (752Kb PDF) [3]), noting that in 2006 EU economic growth was better than anticipated. This had

Study reveals gap in labour market supply and demand

A study (in Latvian (1.1Mb WinZip file)) [1] on labour force supply and demand – one of 13 studies – was initiated by the Republic of Latvia’s Ministry of Welfare (Labklājības ministrija Latvijas Republikas [2]) in the framework of the National Labour Market Research Programme (in Latvian) [3]

‘Inclusive working life’ programme reduces sick leave in companies

The Norwegian national intervention programme ‘Inclusive Working Life’ (/Inkluderende arbeidsliv/, IWL) was initiated in 2001 with the objective of reducing sick leave, preventing early retirement and promoting employment of employees with ‘impaired functionality’, that is, reduced work ability

Motives behind early retirement and working beyond retirement

In the Czech Republic, the statutory retirement age has been increased progressively up to 62 years. However, current political debate considers that raising the retirement age to 65 years is an inevitable step. Taking into account these changes, it is interesting to see how many people today are

Older workers’ attitudes towards working after retirement

Commissioned by the National Social Security Institute (Национален Осигурителен Институт, NSSI [1]), the national representative survey on Factors for introducing flexible retirement forms and encouraging the employment of older people (in Bulgarian, 186Kb PPT) [2] is the first of its kind to


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 jaanuar 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 märts 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 juuni 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 jaanuar 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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