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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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Recent updates

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Tässä raportissa esitellään Eurofoundin tutkimusta etätyöstä covid-19-pandemian aikana vuosina 2020 ja 2021. Siinä tarkastellaan muutoksia etätyön yleisyydessä, kotoa käsin työskentelevien työntekijöiden työoloissa ja tähän työjärjestelyyn liittyviä kysymyksiä käsittelevissä säännöksissä. Tulokset...

8 joulukuu 2022
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

Tässä raportissa esitellään Eurofoundin tutkimusta etätyöstä covid-19-pandemian aikana vuosina 2020 ja 2021. Siinä tarkastellaan muutoksia etätyön yleisyydessä, kotoa käsin työskentelevien työntekijöiden työoloissa ja tähän työjärjestelyyn liittyviä kysymyksiä käsittelevissä säännöksissä. Tulokset

08 December 2022

Teknologisen muutoksen nopeus kiihtyy jatkuvasti tiedon tallentamiseen, käsittelyyn ja viestintään käytettävien elektronisten laitteiden kapasiteetin kasvaessa. Digitalisaatio muuttaa EU:n taloutta ja työmarkkinoita: lähes kolmasosa EU:n työpaikoista on luokiteltu voimakkaasti digitalisoituneeksi

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Digitaaliteknologian ansiosta monet työntekijät voivat tehdä työtään milloin tahansa ja missä tahansa. Tällä on sekä etuja että haittoja. Eurofoundin tiedot osoittavat, että etätyöntekijät tekevät kaksi kertaa muita todennäköisemmin töitä enemmän kuin 48 tuntia, lepäävät liian vähän ja tekevät töitä

09 September 2021

Tässä lippulaivaraportissa on yhteenveto keskeisistä havainnoista, joita Eurofound on tehnyt ohjelmakauden 2017–2020 aikana työoloista. Siinä kartoitetaan eteneminen työolojen parantamisessa vuoden 2000 jälkeen ja selvitetään, ovatko kaikki työntekijät hyötyneet myönteisestä muutoksesta yhtä paljon

26 February 2021

The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

14 December 2020

Around three-quarters of the EU workforce is employed in the service sector, and a sizeable portion of service workers interact directly with the recipients of the services they provide, such as clients, patients, pupils and so on. This can be demanding work as it routinely places emotional demands

15 July 2020

Although a small proportion of the EU workforce holds down more than one job, it is worth understanding the phenomenon better, not only because it is growing by degrees, but also because of the impact it can have on workers’ health and well-being and what it can tell us about the labour market

22 June 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Online resources results (89)

An employment pact for older workers?

The participation rate of the over-50 age group in the labour market is low in Austria by European standards, and the unemployment rate amongst this group is high. This is true regardless of qualifications and includes managers over 50. Experts agree that the transition into the age-determined

Agreements on good employment practices in Spanish companies

A number of agreements on "good employment practices" signed in Spanish companies indicate a new direction in the 1998/9 collective bargaining round. The main features of these agreements are job creation and secure employment in exchange for wage moderation and flexibility, in order to allow

Growing numbers of employment pacts at establishment level

Against the background of persistent high unemployment, the issue of employment security has become one of the most important topics in German industrial relations (TN9710201S [1]). In recent years a growing number of so-called "employment pacts" (Beschäftigungspakte) have been agreed, in particular

Commission invites social partners to take the lead in modernising work organisation

The achievement of a positive balance between work organisation, productivity, innovation and employment has been a central concern of the European Union social policy agenda for some time. Moreover, it constitutes part of a broader agenda revolving around the adaptation of national economies

New issues emerge in 1999 banking bargaining round

On 12 December 1998, negotiations opened for a new collective agreement for the 75,000 salaried employees in Austrian banking, due to take effect from 1 February 1999. The banks offered a pay increase of 1.1%, roughly equivalent to the rate of inflation. This position was maintained in further

National Action Plan on employment still not approved

Luxembourg's National Action Plan on employment, in response to the EU Employment Guidelines, had still not been adopted by the Chamber of Deputies in January 1999. The Council of State continued to express formal opposition on a number of points, while the consultative Chamber representing white

Flexicurity Act makes major changes to labour law

From 1 January 1999, the date on which the Flexibility and Security Act came into force, several areas of Dutch labour law have begun to look quite different. There has already been a degree of controversy about some of the potential effects, such as the cost of terminating an employment contract

Employment security: the new big issue at establishment level

In times of high unemployment, increasing competition in the private sector and public budget constraints, employees tend to experience considerable worry about their jobs. The threat of workforce reductions and redundancies, mostly felt at shopfloor level, very much affects and influences the work

Partnership, flexibility and employment: The growth of job security agreements

In April 1997 the European Commission published a Green Paper on Partnership for a new organisation of work [1] (EU9707134F [2]). It argued that the key to improving competitiveness and employment was "through a better organisation of work at the workplace, based on high skill, high trust and high

Eurocopter lands on a 35-hour week

While France's CNPF employers' confederation has been vociferously opposing the law - adopted in May 1998 - implementing the 35-hour working week in 2000, large companies have been negotiating agreements trading off "working time" for "flexibility". These agreements will be implemented prior to the


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 maaliskuu 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 joulukuu 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 joulukuu 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 marraskuu 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

6 kesäkuu 2018
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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 kesäkuu 2018

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