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Pá íosta

Tagraíonn an téarma 'pá íosta' don srian rialála ar an ráta is ísle atá iníoctha ag fostóirí le hoibrithe. Rialaítear íosphá reachtúil le dlíthe nó le reachtanna foirmiúla. Tá pá íosta comhaontaithe i gcomhaontuithe comhchoiteanna leagtha síos i gcomhaontuithe comhchoiteanna idir ceardchumainn agus fostóirí. Úsáidtear an téarma 'pá íosta náisiúnta' nuair a bhíonn bunráta amháin (nó níos mó) ag tíortha a chlúdaíonn oibrithe ar fud na tíre. Is féidir iad a bheith reachtúil nó comhaontaithe i dteannta a chéile.

Young barista preparing coffee using a professional coffee machine in a coffee shop

Nua agus le teacht

Faigh an t-ábhar is déanaí ar an ábhar seo thíos.

Tuarascáil taighde

21 July 2025

Pá íosta in 2025: Athbhreithniú bliantúil
Felix Applerand 2 other authors

Cuireann tuarascáil na bliana seo na rátaí pá íosta do 2025 i láthair agus conas a leagadh agus a uasghrádú iad le linn 2024. Cuimsíonn sé faisnéis faoi thíortha a bhfuil pá íosta náisiúnta acu agus nach bhfuil pá náisiúnta acu. Ina theannta sin, soláthraíonn sé an chéad fhorbhreathnú comparáideach ar an gcaoi ar thrasuigh na Ballstáit an Treoir maidir le Pá Íosta agus cuirtear i láthair meastacháin nua ar an gcéatadán de shaothraithe pá íosta agus ar a gcumas tithíocht a íoc. Ar deireadh, déanann sé achoimre ar thaighde ar phá íosta a foilsíodh le linn 2024.

Beidh feidhm ag Airteagal 10

23 June 2025

Tá tionchar suntasach ag pá íosta ar phá idirbheartaithe agus iarbhír
Christine Aumayr-Pintar,
Carlos Vacas‑Soriano
Le blianta beaga anuas, tá ardú mór tagtha ar íosphá náisiúnta ar fud thíortha AE, rud a fhágann go bhfuil tionchar ag éirí níos ábhartha ar chomhmhargáil pá agus ar fhorbairtí ginearálta pá. Léiríonn na torthaí go bhfuil tionchar dearfach ag íosphá náisiúnta ar leibhéil pá idirbheartaithe a ardú. Mar sin féin, tá gá le dearadh cúramach beartais chun cómhargáil a sheachaint, go háirithe in earnálacha ar phá íseal. Tá ról lárnach ag pá íosta freisin maidir le leibhéil pá a fheabhsú i measc na bhfostaithe ar an tuarastal is ísle, cé go dtarlaíonn éifeachtaí iarmhartacha ar fud an dáileadh pá níos leithne.
Tuarascáil taighde

23 June 2025

Tionchar an phá íosta náisiúnta ar chómhargáil agus ar phá d'oibrithe ar phá íseal
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Enrique López-Bazoand 5 other authors

Is féidir le méaduithe ar phá íosta náisiúnta éifeachtaí éagsúla a bheith acu – is féidir leo, mar shampla, arduithe pá a bheith mar thoradh orthu i gcoitinne agus is féidir leo tionchar a imirt ar shaoirse na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta sa chómhargáil. Scrúdaíonn an tuarascáil seo conas a théann athruithe ar phá íosta náisiúnta i bhfeidhm ar phá comhaontaithe agus iarbhír i bpoist agus in earnálacha roghnaithe ar phá íseal. Baineann anailís chainníochtúil úsáid as bunachar sonraí Eurofound maidir le pá íosta d'oibrithe ar phá íseal i gcomhaontuithe comhchoiteanna chun anailís a dhéanamh ar thionchar an phá íosta náisiúnta ar íosphá comhaontaithe i gcomhchoiteann. Baintear úsáid as sonraí ó Staitisticí an Aontais Eorpaigh ar Ioncam agus ar Dhálaí Maireachtála chun anailís a dhéanamh ar thionchar an phá íosta náisiúnta ar phá iarbhír.

Tá anailís cháilíochtúil bunaithe ar chás-staidéir náisiúnta ar earnálacha an chúraim chónaithe agus shóisialta agus ar mhonarú an bhia agus na ndí i sé Bhallstát: an Fhrainc, an Ghearmáin, an Phortaingéil, an Rómáin, an tSlóivéin agus an Spáinn. Roghnaíodh na Ballstáit sin toisc go bhfuil siad difriúil ó thaobh na hidirghníomhaíochta idir pá íosta náisiúnta agus pá comhaontaithe i dteannta a chéile. Faigheann an anailís amach go bhfuil baint dhearfach idir uprates pá íosta náisiúnta agus athruithe ar phá iarbhír agus idirbheartaithe araon in earnálacha ar phá íseal, cé go bhfuil difríochtaí idir na tíortha.

Maidir leis an ábhar seo Pá íosta

Tuilleadh eolais faoin ábhar seo agus a ábharthacht do cheapadh beartas an AE.

Buaicphointí le haghaidh Pá íosta

Is rogha é seo de na torthaí is tábhachtaí don ábhar seo.

21 July 2025

Tuarascáil taighde

Pá íosta in 2025: Athbhreithniú bliantúil

Cuireann tuarascáil na bliana seo na rátaí pá íosta do 2025 i láthair agus conas a leagadh agus a uasghrádú iad le linn 2024. Cuimsíonn sé faisnéis faoi thíortha a bhfuil pá íosta náisiúnta acu agus nach bhfuil pá náisiúnta acu. Ina theannta sin, soláthraíonn sé an chéad fhorbhreathnú comparáideach ar an gcaoi ar thrasuigh na Ballstáit an Treoir maidir le Pá Íosta agus cuirtear i láthair meastacháin nua ar an gcéatadán de shaothraithe pá íosta agus ar a gcumas tithíocht a íoc. Ar deireadh, déanann sé achoimre ar thaighde ar phá íosta a foilsíodh le linn 2024.

26 January 2024

Tuarascáil taighde

Minimum wages for low-paid workers in collective agreements

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24 low-paid sectors of interest – were selected to be ‘fully coded’ and representative data on negotiated minimum pay were compiled for 24 EU Member States. Based on more than 3,202 renewal texts, time series of collectively agreed minimum rates were created from 2015 to 2022 for 19 countries. This is the first time that an EU-wide data collection has provided comparative time series on negotiated pay. Key findings are is that in some countries outdated agreements contain rates below the applicable statutory minima, and that the potential of collective agreements to regulate pay generally or for employees earning higher wages than the minimum pay is not always fully capitalised on.

See also the national country reports (Eurofound papers), providing meta-data for the data collection, at the end of this web page.

27 November 2023

Tuarascáil taighde

Minimum wages: Non-compliance and enforcement across EU Member States – Comparative report

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary. It mostly affects young workers, those on fixed-term or part-time contracts and those working for small companies. It is more common in services than in manufacturing, and is characterised by shorter working time. Member States monitor, enforce and promote compliance in similar ways, although with some differences. This report identifies hindering and enabling factors. Some countries focus on specific economic sectors, such as construction, domestic work, platform work, agriculture and meat processing. National authorities often enforce minimum wages indirectly by helping employers comply, raising workers’ awareness, and helping stakeholders increase cooperation and develop faster procedures. Combining these soft initiatives with tougher measures increases the effectiveness of inspectorates’ actions in enforcing compliance with minimum wages.

30 November 2022

Tuarascáil taighde

Regulating minimum wage and other forms of pay for the self-employed

This report is carried out in the context of the three-year pilot project (2021–2023), ‘Role of the minimum wage in establishing the Universal Labour Guarantee’, mandated to Eurofound by the European Commission. Its focus is module 3 of the project, investigating minimum wages and other forms of pay for the self-employed. Out of concern for the challenging conditions faced by certain groups of self-employed workers, some Member States have established or are in discussions about proposing some statutory forms of minimum pay for selected categories of the self-employed. The main objective of the report is to understand how minimum wages, wage rates, tariffs, fees and other forms of pay could be fixed for specific jobs or professions in sectors having a high level of ‘vulnerable’ workers, as well as ‘concealed’ self-employed. While the majority of Member States allow trade union representation, the right to collective bargaining for the self-employed is much more limited. Only a small number of Member States provide examples of collectively agreed minimum wages or other forms of pay for the self-employed.

15 June 2022

Blogphostáil

How to ensure adequate minimum wages in an age of inflation

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power among minimum wage earners. On 6 June 2022, the Council of the EU and the European Parliament reached a political agreement on the Directive on adequate minimum wages proposed by the Commission in October 2020. Once formally approved, EU Member States will have to transpose it into national law within two years.

22 January 2020

Sraith foilseachán

Minimum wages in the EU

This series reports on developments in minimum wage rates across the EU, including how they are set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. The series explores where there are statutory minimum wages or collectively agreed minimum wages in the Member States, as well as minimum wage coverage rates by gender.  eurofound.link/efs027

Saineolaithe maidir le Pá íosta

Soláthraíonn taighdeoirí Eurofound léargas saineolaithe agus is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh leo le haghaidh ceisteanna nó fiosrúcháin ó na meáin.

Carlos Vacas‑Soriano

Senior research manager
Employment research

Is bainisteoir taighde sinsearach é Carlos Vacas Soriano san aonad Fostaíochta ag Eurofound. Oibríonn sé ar ábhair a bhaineann le neamhionannais pá agus ioncaim, pá íosta, pá íseal, cáilíocht poist, fostaíocht shealadach agus deighilt, agus cáilíocht an phoist. Sula ndeachaigh sé isteach i Eurofound in 2010, d'oibrigh sé mar anailísí maicreacnamaíoch don Choimisiún Eorpach agus mar thaighdeoir i margaí saothair na hEorpa i mBanc Ceannais na Spáinne. Tá MA aige i Staidéar Eacnamaíochta na hEorpa ó Choláiste na hEorpa i mBruges agus PhD in Eacnamaíocht an tSaothair ó Ollscoil Salamanca (Dochtúir Europaeus).

Christine Aumayr-Pintar

Senior research manager
Working life research

Is bainisteoir taighde sinsearach í Christine Aumayr-Pintar san aonad Saol Oibre ag Eurofound. Comhordaíonn sí taighde Eurofound ar idirphlé sóisialta agus ar chaidreamh tionsclaíoch agus déanann sí maoirseacht ar Líonra na gComhfhreagraithe Eurofound (NEC). Díríonn a príomhshaineolas taighde – a chuirtear i ngleic léi ó thaobh comparáideach ar fud an AE – ar íosphá agus ar phá comhchaibidlíochta agus ar thrédhearcacht pá inscne. Sula ndeachaigh sí isteach i Eurofound in 2009, bhí sí ina taighdeoir ar mhargaí saothair agus ar eacnamaíocht réigiúnach ag Joanneum Research san Ostair. Ghnóthaigh sí céim Mháistir san Eacnamaíocht agus PhD san Eolaíocht Shóisialta/Eacnamaíocht tar éis di staidéar a dhéanamh ar eacnamaíocht i Graz, Vín agus Jönköping.

An t-ábhar ar fad le haghaidh Pá íosta

Tugann an rannán seo rochtain ar an ábhar ar fad a foilsíodh faoin ábhar.

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The tripartite EU agency providing knowledge to assist in the development of better social, employment and work-related policies