Pārlekt uz galveno saturu
Abstract

Šajā ziņojumā ir pētīta ES dalībvalstu vides aizsardzības veiktspējas dinamika un tas, cik lielā mērā kopš 21. gadsimta sākuma ir samazinājušās atšķirības starp dalībvalstīm. Šis ziņojums ir Eurofound un Eiropas Vides aģentūras sadarbības rezultāts, kurā Eurofound un Eiropas Vides aģentūras tehniskās zināšanas konverģences jomā sasaucas ar Eurofound pieredzi Eiropas vides jautājumos. Tajā galvenā uzmanība ir pievērsta trim analīzes līmeņiem: galvenajiem rādītājiem, mājokļu līmeņa rādītājiem un mājsaimniecību līmeņa rādītājiem.

Lai izpētītu daudzšķautņaino jautājumu par ekoloģisko dzīves kvalitāti ES, ziņojumā tiek pētīti vides rādītāji, izmantojot konverģences analīzi. Rezultāti liecina, ka ES ir uz pareizā ceļa, lai kļūtu oglekļneitrāla, lai gan ekoloģizācijas procesa ātrums dažādās dalībvalstīs ir atšķirīgs. Attiecībā uz lielāko daļu rādītāju ir vērojams straujš un stabils veiktspējas uzlabojums. Ievērības cienīgs konstatējums ir tas, ka ekonomikas lejupslīde pēdējās divās desmitgadēs ir negatīvi ietekmējusi pētītos mājsaimniecību līmeņa rādītājus, kas bija orientēti uz enerģētisko nabadzību.

Key findings

Pēdējo divu desmitgažu laikā atšķirības starp ES dalībvalstīm ir mazinājušās un veiktspēja daudzos vides rādītājos ir uzlabojusies. Intervences pasākumi ir jāorientē uz trim jomām, kurās konstatētas atšķirības: uz mājokļu kvalitāti, enerģētisko nabadzību un sabiedrisko transportu.

Finanšu krīzei 2008.–2013. gadā bija ievērojama negatīva ietekme uz mājsaimniecību līmeņa rādītājiem, ar kuriem mēra enerģētisko nabadzību un mājokļu kvalitāti. Sekojošā atveseļošanās liecina, ka dažas ekonomikas ir bijušas pietiekami noturīgas.

Joprojām pastāv liela nevienlīdzība starp cilvēkiem ar dažādiem ienākumu līmeņiem. Iedzīvotāju ar zemiem ienākumiem situācija tuvākās apkaimes un mājokļu kvalitātes ziņā ir krasi sliktāka. Tomēr labāka veiktspēja dzīvojamo ēku līmeņa rādītājos, piemēram, piesārņojuma, reciklēšanas un sabiedriskā transporta izmantošanas mērīšanā, liecina, ka vietējās apkaimes kļūst dzīvošanai draudzīgākas.

Mājokļu un mājsaimniecību līmeņa vides mērķiem var būt vajadzīgi stingrāki vai savlaicīgāki politikas pasākumi nekā tie, kas pašlaik ir ieviesti. Ir vajadzīgi gan augsta līmeņa risinājumi, gan ikdienas risinājumi, un vietējās un valsts iestādes, kas īsteno ekoloģizāciju, varētu sekot iedibinātajai praksei, ko ierosinājušas dalībvalstis un ES.

ES enerģijas un materiālu izmantošanas dažādošana, izmantojot atjaunīgo enerģiju un aprites ekonomikas pasākumus, paātrinātu zaļo pārkārtošanos, mazinātu turpmāko enerģētikas un materiālu krīžu ietekmi un jo īpaši aizsargātu iedzīvotājus ar zemiem ienākumiem.

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.

List of tables

  • Table 1: Macro-level indicators of environmental performance
  • Table 2: Meso-level indicators of environmental performance
  • Table 3: Micro-level indicators of environmental performance
  • Table 4: Summary of convergence analysis of macro-level indicators
  • Table 5: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in 2005 and targets for and effective rates in 2020, EU Member States
  • Table 6: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
  • Table 7: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
  • Table 8: Correlation matrix of environmental and socioeconomic variables, EU27

List of figures

  • Figure 1: Conceptualisation of European environmental quality of life
  • Figure 2: Timeline of the EU environmental acquis
  • Figure 3: Sigma-convergence in net greenhouse gas emissions, EU27, 1990–2019
  • Figure 4: Net greenhouse gas emissions, EU Member States, 1990 and 2020
  • Figure 5: Sigma-convergence in years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU27, 2005–2019
  • Figure 6: Comparison of years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU Member States, 2005 and 2019
  • Figure 7: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU27, 2004–2020 (%)
  • Figure 8: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU Member States, 2008 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 9: Delta-convergence in national targets for renewable energy, EU27, 2004–2020
  • Figure 10: Circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
  • Figure 11: Sigma-convergence in circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
  • Figure 12: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, for total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
  • Figure 13: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
  • Figure 14: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by degree of urbanisation, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
  • Figure 15: Recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 16: Sigma-convergence in the recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021
  • Figure 17: Sigma-convergence in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, 2008–2020, EU27
  • Figure 18: Share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, EU27, 2000–2020 (%)
  • Figure 19: Changes in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport during the COVID-19 pandemic, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 20: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020
  • Figure 21: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
  • Figure 22: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
  • Figure 23: Sigma-convergence in population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27, 2009–2020 (%)
  • Figure 24: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2009 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 25: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 26: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27 without Cyprus, 2009–2020
  • Figure 27: Sigma-convergence in share of households in arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 28: Share of households reporting arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 29: Share of population in arrears on utility bills, EU Member States, 2008, 2019 and 2021 (%)
  • Figure 30: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2005–2021
  • Figure 31: Share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 32: Inequalities in the population unable to keep home adequately warm in 2021, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States (%)
  • Figure 33: Correlation between years of life lost due to air pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2005–2019
  • Figure 34: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2003–2020
  • Figure 35: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and educational attainment, EU27, 2003–2020
  • Figure 36: Correlation between circular material use rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2008–2019
  • Figure 37: Correlation between municipal recycling rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2004–2020
  • Figure 38: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with no indoor toilet or shower and mean and median income and GDP per capita, 2009–2020, EU27
  • Figure 39: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot and educational attainment and employment rate, EU27, 2009–2020
  • Figure 40: Correlation between the share of population in arrears on utility bills and the AROPE or NEET share of the population, EU27, 2015–2021
  • Figure 41: Correlation between the share of the population unable to heat their home adequately and mean and median income and GDP per capita, EU27, 2005–2021
Number of pages
80
Reference nº
EF23022
ISBN
978-92-897-2345-9
Catalogue nº
TJ-04-23-785-EN-N
DOI
10.2806/576287
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