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Abstract

O relatório em causa explora a dinâmica do desempenho ambiental dos Estados-Membros da UE e a medida em que as disparidades no seu desempenho diminuíram desde o início da década de 2000. O relatório é um produto da cooperação entre a Eurofound e a Agência Europeia do Ambiente, reunindo os conhecimentos técnicos sobre convergência da primeira e os conhecimentos especializados em questões ambientais europeias da segunda. O mesmo centra-se em três níveis de análise: indicadores-chave, indicadores a nível residencial e indicadores a nível dos agregados familiares.

A fim de explorar a questão multifacetada da qualidade de vida ambiental na UE, o relatório estuda os indicadores ambientais através de uma análise de convergência. Os resultados sugerem que a UE está no bom caminho para se tornar neutra em termos de carbono, embora a velocidade do processo de ecologização varie entre os Estados-Membros. Verifica-se uma melhoria rápida e constante do desempenho na maioria dos indicadores. Uma constatação digna de nota é que as recessões económicas das duas últimas décadas afetaram negativamente os indicadores analisados a nível dos agregados familiares, que se centraram na pobreza energética.

Key findings

As disparidades entre os Estados-Membros da UE diminuíram e o desempenho melhorou em muitos indicadores ambientais ao longo das últimas duas décadas. As intervenções deverão centrar-se em três domínios em que foram detetadas divergências: qualidade da habitação, pobreza energética e transportes públicos.

A crise financeira de 2008–2013 teve um impacto negativo significativo nos indicadores referentes aos agregados familiares, os quais medem a pobreza energética e a qualidade da habitação. A recuperação subsequente mostra que algumas economias foram suficientemente resilientes.

Continuam a verificar-se grandes desigualdades entre as pessoas com diferentes níveis de rendimento: as populações com baixos rendimentos apresentam níveis de qualidade claramente inferiores no que diz respeito à vizinhança e à habitação. No entanto, a melhoria do desempenho dos indicadores a nível residencial (os quais medem a poluição, a reciclagem e a utilização dos transportes públicos, por exemplo) mostra que os bairros locais estão a tornar-se mais agradáveis para viver.

Os objetivos ambientais a nível residencial e doméstico poderão necessitar de medidas políticas mais rigorosas ou atempadas do que as atualmente em vigor. São necessárias soluções de alto nível e correções diárias, e as autoridades locais e nacionais responsáveis pela implementação do processo de ecologização poderão seguir as práticas estabelecidas e sugeridas pelos Estados-Membros e pela UE.

A diversificação da utilização de energia e de materiais na UE através de medidas relativas às energias renováveis e à economia circular agilizará a transição ecológica, atenuará os efeitos de futuras crises energéticas e materiais e protegerá, em particular, os cidadãos com baixos rendimentos.

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.

List of tables

  • Table 1: Macro-level indicators of environmental performance
  • Table 2: Meso-level indicators of environmental performance
  • Table 3: Micro-level indicators of environmental performance
  • Table 4: Summary of convergence analysis of macro-level indicators
  • Table 5: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in 2005 and targets for and effective rates in 2020, EU Member States
  • Table 6: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
  • Table 7: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
  • Table 8: Correlation matrix of environmental and socioeconomic variables, EU27

List of figures

  • Figure 1: Conceptualisation of European environmental quality of life
  • Figure 2: Timeline of the EU environmental acquis
  • Figure 3: Sigma-convergence in net greenhouse gas emissions, EU27, 1990–2019
  • Figure 4: Net greenhouse gas emissions, EU Member States, 1990 and 2020
  • Figure 5: Sigma-convergence in years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU27, 2005–2019
  • Figure 6: Comparison of years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU Member States, 2005 and 2019
  • Figure 7: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU27, 2004–2020 (%)
  • Figure 8: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU Member States, 2008 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 9: Delta-convergence in national targets for renewable energy, EU27, 2004–2020
  • Figure 10: Circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
  • Figure 11: Sigma-convergence in circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
  • Figure 12: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, for total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
  • Figure 13: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
  • Figure 14: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by degree of urbanisation, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
  • Figure 15: Recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 16: Sigma-convergence in the recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021
  • Figure 17: Sigma-convergence in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, 2008–2020, EU27
  • Figure 18: Share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, EU27, 2000–2020 (%)
  • Figure 19: Changes in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport during the COVID-19 pandemic, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 20: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020
  • Figure 21: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
  • Figure 22: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
  • Figure 23: Sigma-convergence in population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27, 2009–2020 (%)
  • Figure 24: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2009 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 25: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
  • Figure 26: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27 without Cyprus, 2009–2020
  • Figure 27: Sigma-convergence in share of households in arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 28: Share of households reporting arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 29: Share of population in arrears on utility bills, EU Member States, 2008, 2019 and 2021 (%)
  • Figure 30: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2005–2021
  • Figure 31: Share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
  • Figure 32: Inequalities in the population unable to keep home adequately warm in 2021, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States (%)
  • Figure 33: Correlation between years of life lost due to air pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2005–2019
  • Figure 34: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2003–2020
  • Figure 35: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and educational attainment, EU27, 2003–2020
  • Figure 36: Correlation between circular material use rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2008–2019
  • Figure 37: Correlation between municipal recycling rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2004–2020
  • Figure 38: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with no indoor toilet or shower and mean and median income and GDP per capita, 2009–2020, EU27
  • Figure 39: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot and educational attainment and employment rate, EU27, 2009–2020
  • Figure 40: Correlation between the share of population in arrears on utility bills and the AROPE or NEET share of the population, EU27, 2015–2021
  • Figure 41: Correlation between the share of the population unable to heat their home adequately and mean and median income and GDP per capita, EU27, 2005–2021
Number of pages
80
Reference nº
EF23022
ISBN
978-92-897-2345-9
Catalogue nº
TJ-04-23-785-EN-N
DOI
10.2806/576287
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