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Promover a coesão social e a convergência

A promoção da coesão social e da convergência é uma das seis principais atividades do programa de trabalho da Eurofound para o período 2021-2024. A Eurofound continuará a funcionar como centro de conhecimentos especializados para acompanhar e analisar as principais tendências e os fatores determinantes para alcançar uma convergência ascendente nas condições de vida e de trabalho, assim como para reforçar a coesão económica e social na UE. A pandemia da COVID-19 representa um desafio sem precedentes à resiliência económica e social da UE, revelando a fragilidade de todos os progressos que já foram alcançados nos padrões de convergência.

Ao longo dos próximos quatro anos, a Eurofound fornecerá um contributo importante para os desafios e perspetivas no domínio da coesão social e da convergência na UE, ajudando a assegurar a resiliência das suas economias e sociedades aos futuros choques. A Eurofound irá desenvolver o seu trabalho de anos anteriores sobre o tema da convergência ascendente, com especial incidência no potencial aumento de novas desigualdades entre os cidadãos e na forma de enfrentar os crescentes desafios que a crise gerou para a coesão social. A Agência apresentará regularmente relatórios sobre as tendências de convergência ascendente na dimensão socioeconómica, bem como nas dimensões definidas no Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais ao nível dos Estados-Membros e ao nível regional, comparando simultaneamente a UE com outros países desenvolvidos.

Ao analisar os fatores determinantes e as implicações da convergência económica e social, a Eurofound estará atenta a uma série de outros fatores: o investimento social, a mobilidade e os quadros institucionais, a regulamentação, os sistemas de proteção social, a qualidade institucional e os serviços públicos , o diálogo social e as reformas estruturais. Os estudos examinarão a eficácia da resposta da UE à pandemia na perspetiva da convergência económica e social. Será também analisada a situação na área do euro, bem como a influência dos processos de relações laborais na convergência.

A Eurofound investigará as tendências e os fatores determinantes da coesão social na União Europeia, examinando, em particular, a forma como a pandemia de COVID-19 acentuou as desigualdades existentes ou desencadeou novas desigualdades que afetam a sociedade de forma mais ampla ou grupos específicos de cidadãos. A análise incidirá nas disparidades ao nível económico, social e da saúde, tanto no mercado de trabalho, como no acesso a bens e serviços essenciais, como os cuidados de saúde, a habitação, a educação e a proteção social . Será efetuada uma análise da relação entre desigualdades, confiança nas instituições e descontentamento. Outras áreas de interesse incluem as migrações , a integração e as tensões sociais.

Os resultados de toda esta atividade de investigação contribuirão para o trabalho dos diferentes serviços da Comissão Europeia e do Comité do Emprego (EMCO), do Comité da Proteção Social (CPS), do Comité Económico e Financeiro (CEF), do Conselho e do Parlamento Europeu, incluindo no que se refere ao Semestre Europeu.

«A crise da COVID-19 trouxe novamente o conceito de convergência ascendente para o centro do debate político... A convergência ascendente é importante para a estabilidade da União. Se a promessa de convergência ascendente não for cumprida, corre-se o risco de comprometer o funcionamento da União e criar um descontentamento político em relação ao projeto da União Europeia.»

Massimiliano Mascherini, Chefe da Unidade de Políticas Sociais

Topic

Recent updates

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This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations...

26 Abril 2024
Publication
Research report

Principais mensagens políticas

Infografia

As principais conclusões resultantes da investigação da Eurofound servem de contributo para que os decisores políticos abordem algumas das principais questões neste domínio.

  • A convergência económica e social sustentável é fundamental para a estabilidade da Europa a longo prazo e exige uma abordagem europeia integrada.
  • A divergência de desempenho económico e social entre os Estados-Membros coloca em risco a prosperidade comum e as condições de vida e de trabalho dignas, pelo que é essencial acompanhar as tendências de convergência na UE e aplicar políticas para evitar divergências.
  • Antes da crise pandémica da COVID-19, a Europa registava seis anos de crescimento económico ininterrupto, absorvendo as consequências da crise de 2008 e alcançando uma convergência ascendente em domínios como o emprego e o risco de pobreza.Mas nem todos os Estados-Membros beneficiaram de modo idêntico, e as disparidades regionais aumentaram.
  • A pandemia de COVID-19 corre o risco de alargar essas desigualdades entre os diferentes Estados‑Membros e em todos os grupos socioeconómicos. Colocará à prova a resiliência económica e social dos Estados-Membros contra o risco de divergências económicas e sociais na União Europeia.Estas disparidades crescentes também poderão ter impacto na estabilidade da UE e corroboram a necessidade de implementar plenamente o pilar europeu dos direitos sociais e de comunicar claramente estas medidas aos cidadãos da UE.
  • A manutenção da confiança dos cidadãos nas instituições nacionais e europeias deve continuar a ser um objetivo central em tempos de crise, uma vez que o cumprimento das medidas de controlo da COVID-19 depende grandemente dos níveis de confiança nas instituições e no aconselhamento científico. O aumento dos níveis de confiança institucional expresso pelos inquiridos que beneficiaram de medidas de apoio também envia uma mensagem clara aos governos nacionais e à UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of social cohesion and convergence in the EU, helping to ensure its economies and societies are resilient to future shocks. Eurofound will expand on its work from previous years on the upward convergence theme, with particular emphasis on the potential rise of new inequalities among citizens and how to address the increased challenges to social cohesion brought about by the crisis. The Agency will report regularly on trends in upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension, as well as in the dimensions outlined in the European Pillar of Social Rights at Member State and regional levels, while also comparing the EU with other developed countries.

In exploring the drivers and implications of economic and social convergence, Eurofound will pay attention to a range of factors: social investment, mobility and institutional frameworks, regulation, welfare systems, institutional quality and public servicessocial dialogue and structural reforms. The research will examine the effectiveness of the EU’s response to the pandemic for economic and social convergence. It will also consider the situation in the euro area, as well as focusing on the role of industrial relations processes in influencing convergence.

Eurofound will investigate the trends and drivers of social cohesion in the European Union, in particular examining how the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated existing inequalities or triggered new ones affecting society more broadly or specific groups of citizens. The analysis will focus on economic, social and health disparities, both in the labour market and in terms of access to and quality of crucial goods and services such as healthcare, housing, education and social protection. The link between inequalities, institutional trust and discontent will be studied. Other areas of interest include migration, integration and societal tensions.

The research results emerging from this activity will contribute to the work of the different services of the European Commission and the Employment Committee (EMCO), the Social Protection Committee (SPC), the Economic and Financial Committee (EFC), the Council and the European Parliament, including in relation to the European Semester.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to support sustainable upward economic and social convergence, to reduce multidimensional inequalities and to develop initiatives to strengthen social cohesion, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels brought about by COVID-19. By investigating the pandemic recovery programmes at European level and their effect on economic and social convergence, Eurofound aims to inform policymakers on ways to promote convergence and the effectiveness of various initiatives. Research on social cohesion is intended to advance the debate on ways to promote policies towards a fairer and more inclusive society.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research links in with the EU objective of sustainable economic and social convergence and will seek to support the debate on the European Pillar of Social Rights, its implementation and monitoring role, as well as on the reform of Economic and Monetary Union. Findings on trust can contribute to the initiatives regarding the Future of Europe debate.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to study upward convergence towards better working and living conditions and stronger economic and social cohesion. The focus is on the potential rise of new inequalities and how to explain and address the increased challenges to the social cohesion of the EU brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Eurofound continues to report on the latest trends in and drivers of upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension by updating and maintaining its dashboard of indicators and by providing regular annual updates at Member State and regional level.

Building on previous work on income inequalities and on the middle classes, research concludes on trends in this area, shedding light on the impact of the increased cost of living on different income groups, including the middle class, and households.

Eurofound provides new evidence on the role of human capital in inequalities across the EU, in particular its role in ensuring social cohesion and convergence. Alongside exploring stocks and flows of human capital across Member States, the study offers an insight into the role of education as a driver of economic and social convergence. 

New evidence also sheds light on the emerging challenges and opportunities arising from the high inflow of Ukrainian refugees to the EU, focusing on integration efforts at EU and national level, as well as the impact on public services.

A new project on the role of digitalisation complements Eurofound’s work on convergence and inequalities. This research analyses the long-term trends in the uptake and usage of digital technologies by EU citizens and the progress made by Member States in fulfilling the targets set in their recovery and resilience plans. It also assesses if digitalisation is a driver of economic and social convergence in the EU, with a focus on income, employment and poverty.

Building on previous work in 2019 and drawing on newer data, Eurofound aims to identify changes in overall wealth distribution during recent years and produce a more detailed account of the size and composition of the population with no or negative wealth, and of the asset composition of the wealth quintiles.

New research also examines the dynamics of social cohesion, polarisation in perceived trust in institutions and satisfaction with democracy in Europe. This analysis explores social developments that can lead to tensions, withdrawal or radicalisation, and the main dimension of the polarisation in European societies over the last decade. Looking at the 2024 European elections, the research investigates new forms of inclusive participation and their possible effect on polarisation.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Janeiro 2024
Publication
Work programme

Eurofound expert(s)

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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Eleonora Peruffo is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. She works on topics related to upward convergence and social cohesion in Europe. During 2021–2022...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (37)

This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations in political participation, examining correlations with levels of institutional distrust

26 April 2024

This report focuses on the challenges that the EU Member States and Norway face when receiving and integrating refugees who fled Ukraine after Russia’s invasion in February 2022. It investigates their labour market integration and access to and experiences with public services that are crucial for

28 March 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

21 September 2023

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

O relatório em causa explora a dinâmica do desempenho ambiental dos Estados-Membros da UE e a medida em que as disparidades no seu desempenho diminuíram desde o início da década de 2000. O relatório é um produto da cooperação entre a Eurofound e a Agência Europeia do Ambiente, reunindo os

03 August 2023

Em resposta à guerra da Rússia contra a Ucrânia, a UE ativou a sua Diretiva de Proteção Temporária (DPT) às pessoas apátridas em fuga, permitindo-lhes instalar-se na UE e aceder aos serviços públicos básicos e ao mercado de trabalho. Até à primavera de 2023, mais de 4,5 milhões de pessoas tinham

14 June 2023

O ano de 2022 começou com um otimismo cauteloso. A Europa emergiu de dois anos da pandemia de COVID-19, com o instrumento NextGenerationEU a definir um plano para uma recuperação que construa um futuro forte e sustentável. No entanto, o ataque da Rússia à Ucrânia no início do ano alterou

04 May 2023

Historicamente, o debate político em torno da convergência da UE ganhou novo ímpeto no rescaldo de uma crise. Na sequência da pandemia da COVID-19, o objetivo do presente relatório é fazer um balanço das duas últimas décadas de tendências de convergência. O estudo começa com uma investigação

22 March 2023

A pandemia de COVID-19 teve impactos variáveis nos grupos sociais, em função das desvantagens existentes, e é consensual que isso desencadeou um aumento das desigualdades em diferentes domínios da vida. Utilizando indicadores do Quadro de Monitorização das Desigualdades Multidimensionais na UE (MIMF

24 January 2023

Online resources results (2)
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Twin transition and pandemic challenge Eurofound to increase expertise, strengthen partnerships, expand reach, says new Director

Eurofound welcomed Ivailo Kalfin to his new role as Executive Director on 1 June. After one month in the job, he reflects on the challenges facing the EU, how they will impact on the work of Eurofound and his priorities for shaping the Agency over the next five years.

Monitoring Convergence in the European Union. Joint Meeting of the Social Protection Committee Indicators Sub-Group and the EMCO Indicators Group, 13 March 2018, Brussels, Belgium. Presentation by Massimiliano Mascherini, Senior Research Manager, Eurofound.

13 Março 2018
Blogs results (7)

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 Dezembro 2023

Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

24 Outubro 2023
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 Junho 2022
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When it comes to Europe’s COVID-19 recovery and its aspiration to build back a more resilient society, the so-called green and digital transitions have dominated EU policy discussions. And as Eurofound made preparations for the 2022 Foundation Forum – a unique occasion for high-level debate on the

11 Março 2022
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The exponential growth of COVID-19 cases across Europe this autumn has quickly erased hopes that the virus had been contained and confirmed the surge of another wave of the pandemic. With Member States now implementing new restrictive measures for the second time since March in an attempt to control

23 Outubro 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Maio 2019
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When EU Heads of State or Government gather in Gothenburg this week to debate fair jobs and growth, it will be the first such ‘social summit’ in 20 years. At the heart of the agenda of this high-level gathering will be the formal proclamation of the European Pillar of Social Rights – 20 principles

14 Novembro 2017
Upcoming publications results (2)

The focus of this report is on the role that human capital plays in determining inequalities across the EU, as well as within Member States. Using Cedefop’s work in this area, the report provides a comparative analysis of national trends in education and lifelong learning, including differences betw

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (2)

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