Implicações sociais da instabilidade do mercado de trabalho

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Authors

Eszter Sándor

Gillian Bell

Abstract

O presente relatório investiga os grupos sociais cuja ligação ao mercado de trabalho pode ser instável e que têm maior probabilidade de ter regimes de trabalho atípicos, bem como as implicações desses regimes e da insegurança no emprego, para o bem-estar dos trabalhadores, a exclusão social, a confiança, a perceção de equidade e a participação política. O relatório conclui que os contratos não permanentes, o trabalho informal e os empregos precários estão associados a resultados negativos no que respeita à exclusão social e à confiança, enquanto a insegurança no emprego está também associada a um pior bem-estar. São também apresentados exemplos recentes de políticas que abordam a instabilidade do mercado de trabalho, centrando-se em medidas a mais longo prazo no período pós-pandemia.

Societal implications of labour market instability PDF

English (735.89 KB - PDF)

Key findings

• Embora os contratos temporários de curto prazo se tenham tornado menos comuns entre os trabalhadores na última década, continuam a ser relativamente generalizados em alguns Estados-Membros, sobretudo entre os jovens e os não nacionais com baixos níveis de educação que não conseguem encontrar um emprego permanente, em especial nos setores da educação e da saúde. Os trabalhadores temporários trabalham muitas vezes longas horas, sentem-se subempregados e é muito provável que estejam à procura de outro emprego.

• Tanto os contratos não permanentes como a insegurança no emprego estão associados a uma menor confiança noutras pessoas e a uma menor perceção da equidade. Os trabalhadores com contrato não permanente e os trabalhadores sem contrato formal estão menos satisfeitos com o funcionamento da democracia no seu país, tal como as pessoas em situação de precariedade laboral.

• As pessoas com contratos não permanentes, bem como as que vivem em situação de insegurança no emprego, têm menos probabilidades de votar nas eleições, mesmo quando se excluem da análise os não nacionais não elegíveis para votar (que estão sobre-representados nestas categorias). Também é menos provável que participem em manifestações, o que é sintomático do desinteresse.

• As responsabilidades familiares são a principal razão para o trabalho a tempo parcial, sendo que as mulheres têm quase três vezes mais probabilidades de trabalhar a tempo parcial do que os homens, e a diferença é ainda maior entre os que são pais e os que não são. Embora o trabalho a tempo parcial involuntário tenha vindo a diminuir desde os anos da Grande Recessão, os trabalhadores a tempo parcial estão mais dispostos a trabalhar mais horas e têm mais probabilidades de procurar outro emprego do que os trabalhadores a tempo inteiro, o que reforça as conclusões anteriores de que algum trabalho a tempo parcial "voluntário" é feito por necessidade.

• Embora os contratos a termo não tenham sido considerados associados ao bem-estar, a perceção da insegurança no emprego está, no entanto, associada a uma menor satisfação com a vida, a uma saúde e bem-estar mental mais pobres e a uma maior probabilidade de se sentir excluído da sociedade. A associação entre exclusão social e insegurança no emprego é semelhante à relação entre exclusão social e desemprego, o que sugere que a ameaça de desemprego é suficiente para que os trabalhadores se sintam excluídos da sociedade.

Executive summary

Author(s):

Eurofound

Implicações sociais da instabilidade do mercado de trabalho

português (48.03 KB - PDF)

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.

List of tables

Table 1: Negative feelings and risk of depression, by employment status and contract type
Table A1: Regression analysis output (multinomial logistic regression) – temporary work
Table A2: Regression analysis output (multinomial logistic regression) – part-time work
Table A3: Regression analysis output (multinomial logistic regression) – self-employment
Table A4: Correspondents who contributed to the study

List of figures

Figure 1: Proportion of employees in temporary work in the EU, by duration of contract (%)
Figure 2: Temporary work as a proportion of total employment, by reason, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 3: Temporary work as a proportion of total employment, by duration of contract, EU27, 2021 (%)
Figure 4: Probability of engaging in temporary work, by relationship status and age (average marginal effect)
Figure 5: Probability of engaging in temporary work, by education and citizenship (average marginal effect)
Figure 6: Probability of engaging in temporary work, by economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) (average marginal effect)
Figure 7: Part-time work as a proportion of total employment, by reason (%)
Figure 8: Part-time work as a proportion of total employment, by sex, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 9: Short-time work as a proportion of total employment, by age, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 10: Probability of engaging in part-time work, by age and citizenship (average marginal effect)
Figure 11: Probability of engaging in part-time work, by education, sex and presence of children (average marginal effect)
Figure 12: Probability of engaging in part-time work, by economic activity (Nomenclature of Economic Activities Rev. 2) (average marginal effect)
Figure 13: Self-employment without employees as a proportion of total employment, by occupation (%)
Figure 14: Types of employment as a proportion of total employment, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 15: Probability of being self-employed, by year and degree of urbanisation (average marginal effect)
Figure 16: Levels of labour market instability across EU Member States
Figure 17: Perceived job insecurity, by working arrangement (%)
Figure 18: Perceived health, by perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months (%)
Figure 19: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on perceiving health as ‘bad’ or ‘very bad’
Figure 20: Negative feelings and risk of depression, by perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months (%)
Figure 21: Linear regression model of determinants of mental well-being (on a scale of 0–10)
Figure 22: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on risk of depression
Figure 23: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by main activity, 2018
Figure 24: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by contract type, 2018
Figure 25: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months
Figure 26: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by contract type and employment status
Figure 27: Linear regression model of determinants of life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10)
Figure 28: Perceived social exclusion, by employment status and perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months (%)
Figure 29: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on perceived social exclusion
Figure 30: Trust in people (on a scale of 1–10), by main activity, 2018
Figure 31: Trust in people (on a scale of 1–10), by work contract, 2018
Figure 32: Linear regression analysis of determinants of trust in people among those in employment, 2018
Figure 33: Linear regression analysis of determinants of trust in people among those not in employment, 2018
Figure 34: Perception of fairness (on a scale of 0–10), by main activity, 2004–2018
Figure 35: Perception of fairness (on a scale of 0–10), by contract type, 2018
Figure 36: Linear regression analysis of determinants of perception of fairness among those in employment, 2018
Figure 37: Linear regression model of determinants of trust in people, 2022
Figure 38: Satisfaction with the government (on a scale of 0–10), by activity status, 2018
Figure 39: Satisfaction with the government (on a scale of 0–10), by contract type, 2018
Figure 40: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with the government among those outside paid employment, 2018
Figure 41: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with the government among those in employment, 2018
Figure 42: Linear regression model of determinants of trust in the government, 2022
Figure 43: Satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, by activity status, 2018
Figure 44: Satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, by contract type, 2018
Figure 45: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with democracy among those outside employment, 2018
Figure 46: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with democracy among those in employment, 2018
Figure 47: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, 2022
Figure 48: Proportion of people who voted in the last election, by work contract type (%)
Figure 49: Proportion of people who voted in the last election, by activity status, 2018
Figure 50: Proportion of workers who voted in the last election, by contract type, 2018
Figure 51: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on voting in the last election
Figure 52: Proportion of workers who participated in public demonstrations, by activity status (%)
Figure 53: Logistic regression model of the average marginal effect of selected factors on participation in demonstrations
Figure 54: Target groups of policy measures addressing labour market instability (%)

Figure A1: Temporary work, by occupation in the International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (average marginal effect)
Figure A2: Part-time work, by occupation in the International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (average marginal effect)

Number of pages: 82

Reference nº: EF23011

ISBN: 978-92-897-2341-1

Catalogue nº: TJ-04-23-771-EN-N

DOI: 10.2806/570695

Permalink: eurofound.link/ef23011

Cite this publication
Eurofound (2023), Societal implications of labour market instability, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Implicações sociais da instabilidade do mercado de trabalho

Key findings

Implicações sociais da instabilidade do mercado de trabalho

List of tables

List of figures

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