Paga minima

It-terminu "paga minima" jirreferi għar-restrizzjoni regolatorja fuq ir-rata l-aktar baxxa li min iħaddem iħallas lill-ħaddiema. Il-pagi minimi statutorji huma rregolati minn liġijiet jew statuti formali. Il-pagi minimi miftiehma b'mod kollettiv huma stipulati fi ftehimiet kollettivi bejn it-trejdjunjins u min iħaddem. It-terminu "pagi minimi nazzjonali" jintuża meta l-pajjiżi jkollhom rata bażika waħda (jew aktar) li tkopri l-ħaddiema mal-pajjiż kollu. Dawn jistgħu jkunu statutorji jew miftiehma kollettivament.

Young barista preparing coffee using a professional coffee machine in a coffee shop

Ġdid u li ġej

Sib l-aktar kontenut reċenti dwar dan is-suġġett hawn taħt.

Rapport ta' riċerka

21 July 2025

Pagi minimi fl-2025: Rieżami annwali
Felix Applerand 2 other authors

Ir-rapport ta 'din is-sena jippreżenta r-rati tal-paga minima għall-2025 u kif ġew stabbiliti u aġġornati matul l-2024. Dan jinkludi informazzjoni dwar pajjiżi b'pagi minimi nazzjonali u mingħajrhom. Barra minn hekk, tipprovdi l-ewwel ħarsa ġenerali komparattiva ta' kif l-Istati Membri ttrasponew id-Direttiva dwar il-Paga Minima u tippreżenta stimi ġodda tal-proporzjon ta' dawk li jaqilgħu paga minima u l-kapaċità tagħhom li jaffordjaw l-akkomodazzjoni. Fl-aħħarnett, jiġbor fil-qosor ir-riċerka dwar il-pagi minimi ppubblikati matul l-2024.

Artikolu

23 June 2025

Il-pagi minimi għandhom effett sinifikanti fuq il-pagi nnegozjati u attwali
Christine Aumayr-Pintar,
Carlos Vacas‑Soriano
F'dawn l-aħħar snin, il-pagi minimi nazzjonali żdiedu drastikament fil-pajjiżi kollha tal-UE, u b'hekk l-influwenza tagħhom fuq in-negozjar kollettiv tal-pagi u l-iżviluppi ġenerali fil-pagi huma dejjem aktar rilevanti. Is-sejbiet juru li l-pagi minimi nazzjonali għandhom impatt pożittiv fuq iż-żieda fil-livelli tal-pagi nnegozjati. Madankollu, hemm bżonn ta' tfassil bir-reqqa tal-politika biex jiġi evitat l-esklużjoni tan-negozjar kollettiv, speċjalment f'setturi b'paga baxxa. Il-pagi minimi għandhom ukoll rwol ewlieni fit-titjib tal-livelli tal-pagi fost l-impjegati bl-inqas paga, għalkemm l-effetti sekondarji jseħħu fid-distribuzzjoni usa' tal-pagi.
Rapport ta' riċerka

23 June 2025

L-impatt tal-pagi minimi nazzjonali fuq in-negozjar kollettiv u l-pagi għall-ħaddiema b'paga baxxa
+2
Enrique López-Bazoand 5 other authors

Iż-żidiet fil-pagi minimi nazzjonali jista' jkollhom diversi effetti in-dirett – jistgħu, pereżempju, iwasslu għal żidiet fil-pagi b'mod aktar ġenerali u jistgħu jinfluwenzaw il-latitudni tal-imsieħba soċjali fin-negozjar kollettiv. Dan ir-rapport jeżamina kif il-bidliet fil-pagi minimi nazzjonali jaffettwaw il-pagi miftiehma kollettivament u dawk attwali f'impjiegi u setturi magħżula b'paga baxxa. Analiżi kwantitattiva tuża l-bażi tad-dejta tal-Eurofound dwar il-pagi minimi għal ħaddiema b'paga baxxa fi ftehimiet kollettivi biex tanalizza l-impatt tal-pagi minimi nazzjonali fuq il-pagi minimi miftiehma kollettivament. Id-dejta mill-Istatistika tal-Unjoni Ewropea dwar l-Introjtu u l-Kundizzjonijiet tal-Għajxien tintuża biex jiġi analizzat l-impatt tal-pagi minimi nazzjonali fuq il-pagi attwali.

Analiżi kwalitattiva hija bbażata fuq studji ta' każijiet nazzjonali tas-setturi tal-kura residenzjali u soċjali u tal-manifattura tal-ikel u x-xorb f'sitt Stati Membri: Franza, il-Ġermanja, il-Portugall, ir-Rumanija, is-Slovenja u Spanja. Dawn l-Istati Membri ntgħażlu minħabba li huma differenti f'termini ta' interazzjoni bejn il-pagi minimi nazzjonali u l-pagi miftiehma kollettivament. L-analiżi ssib li, ġeneralment, hemm assoċjazzjoni pożittiva bejn ir-rati ogħla tal-paga minima nazzjonali u l-bidliet kemm fil-pagi attwali kif ukoll f'dawk innegozjati f'setturi b'paga baxxa, għalkemm hemm differenzi fost il-pajjiżi.

Dwar is-suġġett Paga minima

Tgħallem aktar dwar dan is-suġġett u r-rilevanza tiegħu għat-tfassil tal-politika tal-UE.

Punti ewlenin għal Paga minima

Din hija għażla tal-aktar riżultati importanti għal dan is-suġġett.

21 July 2025

Rapport ta' riċerka

Pagi minimi fl-2025: Rieżami annwali

Ir-rapport ta 'din is-sena jippreżenta r-rati tal-paga minima għall-2025 u kif ġew stabbiliti u aġġornati matul l-2024. Dan jinkludi informazzjoni dwar pajjiżi b'pagi minimi nazzjonali u mingħajrhom. Barra minn hekk, tipprovdi l-ewwel ħarsa ġenerali komparattiva ta' kif l-Istati Membri ttrasponew id-Direttiva dwar il-Paga Minima u tippreżenta stimi ġodda tal-proporzjon ta' dawk li jaqilgħu paga minima u l-kapaċità tagħhom li jaffordjaw l-akkomodazzjoni. Fl-aħħarnett, jiġbor fil-qosor ir-riċerka dwar il-pagi minimi ppubblikati matul l-2024.

26 January 2024

Rapport ta' riċerka

Minimum wages for low-paid workers in collective agreements

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24 low-paid sectors of interest – were selected to be ‘fully coded’ and representative data on negotiated minimum pay were compiled for 24 EU Member States. Based on more than 3,202 renewal texts, time series of collectively agreed minimum rates were created from 2015 to 2022 for 19 countries. This is the first time that an EU-wide data collection has provided comparative time series on negotiated pay. Key findings are is that in some countries outdated agreements contain rates below the applicable statutory minima, and that the potential of collective agreements to regulate pay generally or for employees earning higher wages than the minimum pay is not always fully capitalised on.

See also the national country reports (Eurofound papers), providing meta-data for the data collection, at the end of this web page.

27 November 2023

Rapport ta' riċerka

Minimum wages: Non-compliance and enforcement across EU Member States – Comparative report

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary. It mostly affects young workers, those on fixed-term or part-time contracts and those working for small companies. It is more common in services than in manufacturing, and is characterised by shorter working time. Member States monitor, enforce and promote compliance in similar ways, although with some differences. This report identifies hindering and enabling factors. Some countries focus on specific economic sectors, such as construction, domestic work, platform work, agriculture and meat processing. National authorities often enforce minimum wages indirectly by helping employers comply, raising workers’ awareness, and helping stakeholders increase cooperation and develop faster procedures. Combining these soft initiatives with tougher measures increases the effectiveness of inspectorates’ actions in enforcing compliance with minimum wages.

30 November 2022

Rapport ta' riċerka

Regulating minimum wage and other forms of pay for the self-employed

This report is carried out in the context of the three-year pilot project (2021–2023), ‘Role of the minimum wage in establishing the Universal Labour Guarantee’, mandated to Eurofound by the European Commission. Its focus is module 3 of the project, investigating minimum wages and other forms of pay for the self-employed. Out of concern for the challenging conditions faced by certain groups of self-employed workers, some Member States have established or are in discussions about proposing some statutory forms of minimum pay for selected categories of the self-employed. The main objective of the report is to understand how minimum wages, wage rates, tariffs, fees and other forms of pay could be fixed for specific jobs or professions in sectors having a high level of ‘vulnerable’ workers, as well as ‘concealed’ self-employed. While the majority of Member States allow trade union representation, the right to collective bargaining for the self-employed is much more limited. Only a small number of Member States provide examples of collectively agreed minimum wages or other forms of pay for the self-employed.

15 June 2022

Analiżi tal-blog

How to ensure adequate minimum wages in an age of inflation

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power among minimum wage earners. On 6 June 2022, the Council of the EU and the European Parliament reached a political agreement on the Directive on adequate minimum wages proposed by the Commission in October 2020. Once formally approved, EU Member States will have to transpose it into national law within two years.

22 January 2020

Serje ta' pubblikazzjonijiet

Minimum wages in the EU

This series reports on developments in minimum wage rates across the EU, including how they are set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. The series explores where there are statutory minimum wages or collectively agreed minimum wages in the Member States, as well as minimum wage coverage rates by gender.  eurofound.link/efs027

Esperti dwar Paga minima

Ir-riċerkaturi tal-Eurofound jipprovdu għarfien espert u jistgħu jiġu kkuntattjati għal mistoqsijiet jew mistoqsijiet mill-midja.

Carlos Vacas‑Soriano

Senior research manager
Employment research

Carlos Vacas Soriano huwa maniġer anzjan tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Impjiegi fil-Eurofound. Huwa jaħdem fuq suġġetti relatati mal-inugwaljanzi fil-pagi u d-dħul, il-pagi minimi, il-paga baxxa, il-kwalità tax-xogħol, l-impjieg temporanju u s-segmentazzjoni, u l-kwalità tal-impjiegi. Qabel ma ngħaqad mal-Eurofound fl-2010, huwa ħadem bħala analista makroekonomiku għall-Kummissjoni Ewropea u bħala riċerkatur fis-swieq tax-xogħol Ewropej fil-Bank Ċentrali Spanjol. Huwa għandu MA fl-Istudji Ekonomiċi Ewropej mill-Kulleġġ tal-Ewropa fi Bruges u PhD fl-Ekonomija tax-Xogħol mill-Università ta' Salamanca (Doctor Europaeus).

Christine Aumayr-Pintar

Senior research manager
Working life research

Christine Aumayr-Pintar hija maniġer anzjan tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol fil-Eurofound. Hija tikkoordina r-riċerka tal-Eurofound dwar id-djalogu soċjali u r-relazzjonijiet industrijali u tissorvelja n-Netwerk tal-Korrispondenti tal-Eurofound (NEC). L-għarfien espert primarju tagħha fir-riċerka – avviċinat minn perspettiva komparattiva madwar l-UE – jiffoka fuq il-pagi minimi, il-paga nnegozjata b'mod kollettiv u t-trasparenza tal-pagi bejn is-sessi. Qabel ma ngħaqdet mal-Eurofound fl-2009, hija kienet riċerkatriċi tas-swieq tax-xogħol u tal-ekonomija reġjonali f'Joanneum Research fl-Awstrija. Hija kisbet Master's degree fl-Ekonomija u PhD fix-Xjenza Soċjali/Ekonomija wara li studjat l-ekonomija fi Graz, Vjenna u Jönköping.

Il-kontenut kollu għal Paga minima

Din it-taqsima tipprovdi aċċess għall-kontenut kollu li ġie ppubblikat dwar is-suġġett.

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