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Salaris en inkomen

Salaris en inkomen zijn fundamentele elementen van arbeidsverhoudingen en levenskwaliteit. Gezien de ontwikkelingen binnen de economie en de samenleving in het algemeen als gevolg van de crisis staat dit thema des te meer in de schijnwerpers op EU-niveau.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

De inspanningen van de EU wat betreft de lonen staan beschreven in de Europese pijler van sociale rechten: het recht van werknemers op een billijk loon waarmee zij een fatsoenlijke levensstandaard kunnen genieten, de zorg voor toereikende minimumlonen en het voorkomen van armoede onder werkenden.

Het werk van Eurofound

Eurofound publiceert periodieke rapportages over diverse aspecten van salaris en inkomen gelet op de veranderende economische omstandigheden binnen Europa.

Salarisevaluatie

De verzamelde informatievoorziening van Eurofound over salaris is te vinden in het Europees Observatorium voor het arbeidsbestaan (EurWORK). Door het periodiek rapporteren ontstaat een doorlopende reeks van waarnemingen over salaris via cao's en is het mogelijk om trends te evalueren. Eurofound publiceert periodiek actuele updates over wettelijk minimumloon en salaris via cao's, naast evaluaties van landelijke ontwikkelingen in loonvormingsmechanismen, gelijke beloning, variabele beloning, lage beloning en de genderkloof in loon.

De landenprofielen betreffende het arbeidsbestaan bevatten informatie over landelijke salarissen en worden regelmatig bijgewerkt. EurWORK beheert twee databases voor salarissen (zie hieronder voor de bronnen).

De Europese Banenmonitor (EJM) van Eurofound hanteert diverse kwalitatieve maatstaven, waaronder salaris, om de verschuivingen in werkgelegenheid per baan te beoordelen. Zodoende vergroot de monitor met name onze kennis van de zogenoemde werkgelegenheidspolarisatie, waarbij de werkgelegenheidsgroei meestal kleiner blijkt in het midden van de loonschaal dan boven- en onderaan.

Onderzoeksgegevens

De enquêtes van Eurofound evalueren ook de salarisomstandigheden in de EU. Om de kwaliteit van het werk te beoordelen, stelt het onderzoek van Eurofound het salaris centraal. De Europese enquête naar de arbeidsomstandigheden (EWCS) benoemt zeven indicatoren van baankwaliteit, waaronder het inkomen. Daarnaast brengt de EWCS verslag uit van het loonverschil tussen mannen en vrouwen. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EWCS.

De Europese enquête over de kwaliteit van het bestaan (EQLS) evalueert in welke mate het inkomen invloed uitoefent op de levensstandaard en welk verband er bestaat tussen inkomensongelijkheid enerzijds en sociale samenhang en welzijn anderzijds. Deze evaluatie overziet de gevolgen van de crisis voor gezinnen, met de nadruk op lage inkomens, huishoudelijke schuld en groepen nabij de armoedegrens. Daarnaast verzamelt de EQLS informatie over het inkomen na het pensioen en het mogelijk verlengen van het werkzame leven. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EQLS.

De Europese Bedrijvenenquête (ECS) kijkt naar het benutten van regelingen voor variabele beloning in ondernemingen en de mate waarin de salarissen van hun werknemers via cao's worden geregeld. Door middel van deze enquête is het mogelijk om informatie over variabele beloning en loononderhandelingen te koppelen aan informatie over arbeidsorganisatie, personeelsbeleid, medezeggenschap en sociale dialoog, alsook aan prestaties en welzijn op de werkplek.

Key outputs

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De jaarlijkse evaluatie van de minimumlonen voor 2023 werd opgesteld in het kader van ongekende inflatie in heel Europa. Hoewel dit in veel landen tot forse stijgingen van de nominale...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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In dit verslag wordt de welvaartsverdeling van huishoudens in de EU-lidstaten onderzocht en wordt de rol van rijkdom in de sociale mobiliteit geanalyseerd. Aan de hand van gegevens uit drie...

30 maart 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This report addresses growing concerns about income inequalities in academic and policy debates by offering a comprehensive study of income inequalities during the years of the Great Recession starting in 2008–2009 (income data relating to 2004–2013). It has the twofold objective of adopting an EU

13 March 2017

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, a generally applicable statutory minimum wage exists; the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels, how the minimum wage has been determined for 2017 and minimum wage

09 February 2017

Teachers across Europe have been protesting about their working conditions. Pay levels and pay inequalities, working time and workload, recruitment procedures and staffing at schools have been the main focus of social dialogue and collective action. Several of the reported cases are set in the

09 January 2017

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the financial services sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the transport sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the commerce and hospitality sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the construction sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the health sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes all

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the education sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the public administration and defence sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS

22 December 2016

Online resources results (888)

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

The state budget for 2018, tax reforms, the ending of strike action by healthcare workers, and continued wage growth are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the fourth quarter of 2017.

UK: Public sector pay cap lifted for police and prison officers

In September 2017, the UK government announced its lifting of the 1% public sector pay cap for police and prison officers, and for some staff of the National Health Service. It also signalled that the pay cap would be lifted for all public sector workers from 2018, but the opposition Labour Party

Article

Finland: Experiences of pay auditing measures

Studies in 2010 and 2012 of measures brought in by Finland to ensure pay transparency have shown that employers were initially reluctant to close the gender pay gap. The results highlighted the need for improvement in the implementation of pay auditing measures, which led to amendments in the law.

Hungary: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Wage competition in the retail sector, tough negotiations for the long-awaited wage increases for state companies, and a pay increase without change in salary for healthcare workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Finland: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

The ongoing sectoral collective bargaining round, the government’s controversial active labour market policy, and proposed regulations on zero-hour contracts are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Finland in the

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Wage increases for public sector employees, industrial conflicts at steelmaker ILVA and Amazon, legislative measures on self-employed workers’ earnings and business incentives for private companies are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Croatia: Push to revise the complex pay system in healthcare sector

There is a significant gap between the pay of Croatian healthcare workers and those in the rest of the EU. In the last four years more than 500 physicians have left Croatia to work abroad. The sector is heavily in debt, rules for calculating salaries are complex, and the collective agreement is not

Article

Cyprus: Social partners agree to reactivate cost of living allowance

On 28 July 2017, agreement was reached on a proposal by the Minister of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance for the reactivation of the cost of living allowance – a wage indexing system linked to the consumer price index, which has been frozen since 2012 in response to the economic crisis.

Article

Austria: Social partners agree on €1,500 monthly minimum wage for all sectors

The social partners have agreed on a monthly gross minimum wage of €1,500 for all sectors, to be implemented nationally by 2020. The federal government asked them to negotiate on this in early 2017, warning them that it would legislate for a minimum wage if the social partners could not find a


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mei 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 januari 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 augustus 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 april 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 februari 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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