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Tempo de trabalho

O tempo de trabalho refere-se a qualquer período durante o qual o trabalhador está a trabalhar ou se encontra à disposição da entidade patronal e no exercício da sua atividade ou das suas funções, de acordo com a legislação e/ou a prática nacional. O horário de trabalho varia entre trabalhadores com ocupações diferentes ou em diferentes fases da vida, sendo o género particularmente importante na determinação destas diferenças

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...
Podcast

EU context

O tempo de trabalho é um elemento essencial da vida profissional e a sua regulamentação tem estado no cerne do debate político, económico e social quer a nível da UE, quer a nível nacional. A fim de proteger a saúde e a segurança dos trabalhadores, a Diretiva da UE relativa ao Tempo de Trabalho exige que todos os Estados-Membros garantam normas mínimas relativas às horas de trabalho para todos os trabalhadores da UE. Estas normas incluem o número máximo de horas de trabalho semanal (fixado em 48 horas), períodos mínimos de descanso e pausas, férias anuais, trabalho noturno e trabalho por turnos.

Trabalho da Eurofound

Há muitos anos que a Eurofound vem recolhendo informações sobre diversos aspetos do tempo de trabalho e as respetivas implicações para as condições de trabalho e a qualidade de vida de homens e mulheres na UE. Os estudos da Eurofound sobre o tempo de trabalho visam melhorar o entendimento sobre como este está organizado e como isso afeta o emprego, a produtividade, o bem-estar e o equilíbrio entre a vida profissional e a vida privada. Têm sido publicados com regularidade dados sobre o tempo de trabalho coletivamente acordado e o papel dos parceiros sociais, e esses dados foram também recentemente analisados numa perspetiva de longo prazo. As investigações levadas a cabo sobre o tempo de trabalho de homens e de mulheres revelam uma maior probabilidade de os homens trabalharem um maior número de horas e de as mulheres passarem mais tempo a realizar tarefas domésticas não remuneradas.

Regulamentação e organização do tempo de trabalho

A regulamentação do tempo de trabalho tem um papel a desempenhar no aumento da conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar e também da participação no mercado de trabalho. Num clima económico em rápida mudança, as empresas e os trabalhadores necessitam de flexibilidade. A Eurofound examinou a relação existente entre o tempo de trabalho e a conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar numa perspetiva de ciclo de vida.

As investigações analisaram os vários aspetos da organização do tempo de trabalho e as suas implicações para a produtividade e as condições de trabalho. Face às mudanças na organização do tempo de trabalho, a Eurofound analisou recentemente, em conjunto com a Organização Internacional do Trabalho, os efeitos do teletrabalho e do trabalho móvel com recurso a TIC sobre o tempo de trabalho dos indivíduos com estes regimes laborais.

Numa perspetiva de longo prazo relativa ao tempo de trabalho, um estudo recente analisou a evolução de aspetos do tempo de trabalho coletivamente acordado na UE no início do século XXI. O estudo centra-se, em particular, em cinco setores: produtos químicos, metalurgia, banca, comércio a retalho e administração pública. O relatório descreve os regimes institucionais de regulamentação e avalia as alterações efetuadas nos horários de trabalho acordados e nos horários de trabalho habituais entre 1999 e 2014.

Tempo de trabalho na análise dos inquéritos

Os três principais inquéritos da Eurofound fornecem informações sobre questões relacionadas com o tempo de trabalho.

O Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho (EWCS) abrange várias vertentes do tempo de trabalho. No sexto EWCS, realizado em 2015, a qualidade do tempo de trabalho foi um dos sete indicadores de qualidade do emprego. Este indicador foi utilizado para medir a incidência de horários de trabalho prolongados, as possibilidades de fazer pausas, os horários de trabalho atípicos, os regimes em matéria de horário de trabalho e a flexibilidade a eles associada, e de que forma estes influenciam a saúde e o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Os resultados mostram que 43 % dos trabalhadores têm horários de trabalho muito regulares.

Utilizando os dados do sexto EWCS, a Eurofound analisou recentemente os padrões do tempo de trabalho para um trabalho sustentável. A análise considera as relações existentes entre os padrões do tempo de trabalho, a conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar e as preferências em termos de tempo de trabalho, bem como a saúde e o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Avalia igualmente a sustentabilidade futura das atuais condições de trabalho e padrões do tempo de trabalho.

O Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida (EQLS) analisa os regimes em matéria de horários de trabalho, remunerados e não remunerados, e o seu impacto no grau de satisfação referente à conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar.

Os regimes de horários de trabalho podem influenciar significativamente a eficiência, a produtividade e a competitividade das empresas, para não falar da saúde, bem-estar e motivação dos seus trabalhadores. No seu Inquérito Europeu às Empresas (ECS), a Eurofound também levou a cabo uma análise exaustiva sobre o tempo de trabalho e a conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar. Analisou a prevalência de regimes de horários de trabalho flexíveis e contagens de tempo de trabalho, trabalho em part-time, horas extraordinárias e horários de trabalho atípicos; licenças parentais e outras licenças de longa duração; reformas progressivas e antecipadas; e ainda políticas específicas de apoio à conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar nas empresas.

Artigo: Atualização temática da EurWORK sobre o trabalho ao domingo na Europa

23 de setembro de 2016 - Os Estados-Membros da UE têm vindo a aprovar leis que regulamentam o horário de funcionamento de lojas e outras atividades comerciais ao domingo. Contudo, há igualmente Estados-Membros em que a nova legislação está a limitar os horários de funcionamento. De acordo com o Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho, a proporção de trabalhadores que relata trabalhar aos domingos aumentou entre 2010 e 2015, sustentando a ideia de que o trabalho ao domingo está a tornar-se cada vez mais comum.
O que se verifica em termos de trabalho ao domingo na Europa?

Recursos

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 Outubro 2023
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level, drawing on debates about the reduction of working time and the four-day working week.

24 October 2023

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2022, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the policy responses of governments to inflation and how inflation has featured in

05 May 2023

Este relatório apresenta as investigações do Eurofound sobre o teletrabalho durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em 2020 e 2021. Explora as alterações na incidência do teletrabalho, as condições laborais de quem trabalhava a partir de casa e as alterações regulamentares relativas a questões relacionadas

08 December 2022

As rigorosas restrições de saúde pública aplicadas pelos governos em 2020 para controlar a pandemia de COVID-19 alteraram abruptamente a vida profissional e continuaram a moldá-la ao longo dos dois anos que se seguiram. Entre março e novembro de 2021, foram realizadas mais de 70 000 entrevistas em

29 November 2022

O presente relatório visa identificar e analisar a legislação e a negociação coletiva em matéria de teletrabalho nos 27 Estados-Membros e na Noruega. Destaca as principais diferenças e semelhanças entre os países no que diz respeito à legislação em matéria de teletrabalho e às recentes alterações a

01 September 2022

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2021 for 28 countries – the 27 EU Member States and Norway. The country reports summarise evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey results during 2021. They

19 May 2022

Despite the well-known adverse effects of regular long working hours on workers’ health, well-being and performance, many workers in the EU continue to work beyond their normal hours. Part of this additional working time is classified as overtime. This report takes a comparative overview of how

10 March 2022

A pandemia da COVID-19 encerrou ou limitou muitas atividades económicas em 2020, com impactos de grande alcance no mercado de trabalho. As perdas de emprego no início da pandemia foram mais acentuadas do que as registadas durante a crise financeira mundial. O aumento generalizado de trabalhadores

19 October 2021

Online resources results (559)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 Abril 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 Março 2021

Labour market regulation, effectiveness of legal rights and obligations, and safety and health at work 9 March 2021 Presentation by Barbara Gerstenberger, Head of unit - Working life, Eurofound

9 Março 2021

Connecting and disconnecting and work-life balance 9 March 2021 Presentation by Tina Weber, Research manager - Employment unit, Eurofound

9 Março 2021

Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Outubro 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 Maio 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Fevereiro 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Novembro 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 Novembro 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take

1 Novembro 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Setembro 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 Março 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 Novembro 2015
Data results (1)

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