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Starajoča se delovna sila

Staranje evropskega prebivalstva pomeni številne izzive za oblikovalce politike, povezane z zaposlovanjem, delovnimi razmerami, življenjskimi standardi in dobrim počutjem. Povzročilo je zaskrbljenost glede vzdržnosti pokojninskih sistemov in ponudbe delovne sile. Za spodbujanje možnosti zaposlovanja starajoče se delovne sile je potreben nov način razmišljanja na ravni podjetij, nacionalni ravni in ravni EU.

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EU context

Kljub znatni rasti stopenj zaposlenosti starejših delavcev v zadnjem desetletju v številnih državah EU je v skupnem poročilu Evropske komisije o zaposlovanju iz leta 2017 poudarjena možnost nadaljnjega povečevanja teh stopenj. Leta 2016 je bila v EU stopnja zaposlenosti starejših delavcev, starih od 55 do 64 let, 55,3-odstotna, medtem ko je bila pri osebah, starih od 15 do 64 let, 66,6-odstotna. Povečanje je največje pri starejših ženskah.

Evropski steber socialnih pravic zagotavlja okvir za pomoč pri prilagajanju trga dela novim izzivom, s spodbujanjem pravičnosti in solidarnosti med generacijami. Poudarja pravico do delovnega okolja, prilagojenega poklicnim potrebam delavca, da se jim omogoči, da podaljšajo svojo udeležbo na trgu dela. Poleg tega nedavni samostojni sporazum evropskih socialnih partnerjev o aktivnem staranju in medgeneracijskem pristopu vključuje zavezo za olajšanje udeležbe na trgu starejšim delavcem in omogočanje, da na njem ostanejo dlje časa.

Delo Eurofounda

Eurofound ima dolgo zgodovino strokovnega znanja na področju vprašanj, s katerimi se srečuje starajoča se delovna sila. Raziskave se od leta 1990 osredotočajo na udeležbo na trgu dela, delovno uspešnost, delovne pogoje in delovne preference starejših delavcev v političnem okviru spreminjajočega se demografskega profila Evrope. Delo se osredotoča tudi na javno podporo in pobude na ravni podjetij za spodbujanje zaposlovanja starejših delavcev. Proučujejo se starejše delavke, pri čemer se poudarja povečevanje stopenj zaposlenosti pri tej skupini in povečevanje njenega deleža v delovni sili, zlasti v starostni skupini 55–64 let.

Podatki iz raziskave

Obsežne raziskave Eurofounda zagotavljajo vrsto podatkov o položaju starejših delavcev. V šesti evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so bili proučeni pogoji starejših delavcev, ob upoštevanju različnih razsežnosti kakovosti delovnih mest. Čeprav je pri starejših delavcih verjetnost, da postanejo brezposelni, manjša kot pri mlajših, podatki kažejo, da starejši delavci menijo, da v primeru, če postanejo brezposelni, ne bodo našli podobno plačane nove zaposlitve in bodo imeli celo težave pri ponovnem vstopu na trg dela.

V študiji, ki temelji na peti Eurofoundovi evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so proučene značilnosti starejše delovne sile in dela v različnih starostnih obdobjih, pa tudi dejavniki, ki zagotavljajo trajnost dela starajoče se delovne sile: dobre delovne razmere, telesno in duševno dobro počutje ter ravnovesje med poklicnim in zasebnim življenjem.

Eurofoundova evropska raziskava o kakovosti življenja (EQLS) ponuja ugotovitve, povezane s starostjo, v zvezi z različnimi razsežnostmi kakovosti življenja v Evropi. Analiza delovnih preferenc po 50. letu temelji na ugotovitvah tretje raziskave EQLS in kaže, da številni starejši delavci raje delajo manj ur, tudi po upoštevanju njihovih finančnih potreb. Olajšanje tega tesnejšega usklajevanja delovnih ur s preferencami lahko omogoči ljudem, da delajo dlje, in jih za to motivira.

Daljša delovna doba

Eurofound se je nedavno pridružil trem drugim agencijam EU pri proučevanju starejšim prijaznega dela v Evropi, izzivov politike, povezanih s starajočo se delovno silo, in inovativnih rešitev.

Številni delavci niso sposobni ali niso motivirani za delo do zakonsko določene upokojitvene starosti. Vendar obstaja tudi skupina, ki je sposobna in pripravljena delati tudi po tem, ko doseže to starost. Eurofound je raziskal ta naraščajoči pojav nadaljevanja dela po upokojitvi.

Nedavna raziskava se je osredotočila na podaljševanje delovne dobe s prožnimi shemami upokojevanja, pri čemer so bile proučene zlasti sheme delnega upokojevanja, ki lahko to olajšajo. K daljši delovni dobi lahko prispevajo tudi pregledi na sredini poklicne poti. V raziskavi je bilo proučeno, kako lahko pomagajo pojasniti možnosti delavcev, da nadaljujejo z delom do višje upokojitvene starosti. V njih so poudarjeni različni instrumenti , ki so jih razvila podjetja, da bi zadržala starajoče se delavce.

Druga raziskava se je osredotočila na nacionalne in sektorske pobude vlad in socialnih partnerjev za zadržanje starejših delavcev na trgu dela, tudi s finančnimi spodbudami in izboljšanimi pogoji. Pri enem od prejšnjih projektov so bile analizirane pobude za upravljanje starosti, uvedene pred recesijo in po njej, za izpostavitev dobre prakse v podjetjih v Evropi.

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Key outputs

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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 Maj 2019
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Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 Januar 2018
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Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 December 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of

19 December 2023

V poročilu je proučen vpliv pandemije covida-19 na kakovost življenj starejših državljanov, med drugim vpliv na njihovo počutje, finance, zaposlitev in socialno vključenost. V njem so obravnavani učinki pandemije na uporabo storitev oskrbe in opiranje starejših na drugo podporo. Predstavljeni so

28 January 2022

Eden najizrazitejših trendov v preteklega pol stoletja je bilo občutno povečanje prisotnosti žensk na trgu dela. Dve od treh novih neto delovnih mest, ustvarjenih v EU v zadnjih dveh desetletjih, so zasedle ženske. Hkrati se je zaradi močnega povečanja stopenj zaposlenosti med starejšimi delavci

14 December 2021

V tem glavnem poročilu so povzeti ključni izsledki raziskave Eurofounda o delovnih razmerah, ki je potekala v programskem obdobju 2017–2020. Opisan je napredek pri izboljšanju delovnih razmer po letu 2000, proučeno pa je bilo tudi, ali so imeli vsi delavci enake koristi od pozitivnih sprememb

26 February 2021

This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies a greater number of people in employment who can remain in the workforce for longer. The

13 May 2019

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers. This policy brief looks at inequalities in the quality of life of Europeans across six age groups.

05 February 2019

Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European Quality of Life Survey. This overview report presents the findings for the EU Member States. It uses information from

23 January 2018

Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it is necessary to identify what are the factors preventing or helping workers to have a sustainable work.

21 December 2017

This article explores the views of workers about the issue of extending working life. It highlights differences in the share of workers regarding the age they would like to work to and the ability to work until 60 in terms of employment status, sex and country.

28 September 2017
Publication
Research report

The ageing of the EU’s population and workforce has implications for employment, working conditions, living standards and welfare. This report draws on the expertise of four EU Agencies in their respective areas, covers the policy challenges associated with the ageing workforce and considers

29 June 2017

Online resources results (133)

Netherlands: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Employer organisations’ plans for improving working conditions and wages for disabled workers, criticism of the system calculating the pension age, and career advice for older workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Hungary: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Publication of a study on the minimum wage, the introduction of pensioners’ cooperatives to reduce labour and skill shortages, and a proposal to extend working time are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Hungary in

Estonia: New training schemes aim to counter unemployment

Training schemes to prevent unemployment and support employment will be available for Estonian employees from May 2017. The social partners are hopeful that these will help to address the issues of an ageing labour force and skills mismatch.

EU level: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Issues related to the European Commission’s proposal on the European Pillar of Social Rights, as well as some developments in social dialogue at EU level, are the main topics of interest in this article. This update reports on the latest developments in working life at EU level in the first quarter

Austria: Study examines seniority principle in the labour market

A study of the problems older employees face in the Austrian labour market shows that their age is the biggest hindrance to getting a job. The study debunks the common belief that older workers’ problems are caused by the ‘seniority principle’: the fact that the longer workers are employed, the more

Czech Republic: Average age of employees is increasing

The average age of Czech employees has increased by 3.7 years in the last 20 years.

Luxembourg: New Labour Code measures for older workers

A bill modifying Luxembourg’s Labour Code and introducing measures on ageing policies was introduced on 3 April 2014. The aim of the bill is to ‘improve the place of older workers in the economic system’, helping them to stay in work or return to the labour market.

Sustainable employment and occupational profile

Keeping people in employment until retirement age is a hot topic in the Netherlands, as it is across the rest of the European Union. A series of Dutch studies shows that workers in some sectors are more likely to be able and willing to work until retirement age and others less so, such as craft and

Study points to discrimination in recruiting process

A study has looked at the question of ethic, age and gender discrimination in the recruiting processes of the Austrian labour market.


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Januar 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 Marec 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 November 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 Junij 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Januar 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 September 2016
Data results (2)

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