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Condições de trabalho e trabalho sustentável

As condições de trabalho e o trabalho sustentável são uma das seis principais atividades do programa de trabalho da Eurofound para o período de 2021-2024. A Eurofound continuará a funcionar como um centro de conhecimentos especializados para acompanhar e analisar a evolução neste domínio, incluindo o impacto que a crise da COVID-19 tem tido nas condições de trabalho e na qualidade do emprego, bem como nas práticas no local de trabalho.

Durante o período de 2021-2024, a Eurofound fornecerá análises importantes dos desafios e das perspetivas relacionados com as condições de trabalho e o trabalho sustentável na UE. Com base em conhecimentos especializados há muito estabelecidos neste domínio, a Eurofound analisará as tendências e os progressos ao longo do tempo e identificará as preocupações emergentes em torno das condições de trabalho e da qualidade do emprego. A análise abrangerá diferentes países, setores, profissões e grupos de trabalhadores sobre questões como a organização do trabalho e o teletrabalho , o tempo de trabalho , a conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar , a igualdade de tratamento , a saúde e o bem-estar no local de trabalho , as competências e a formação , os rendimentos e as perspetivas e a satisfação profissional. As formas atípicas de emprego serão uma prioridade específica, em especial o trabalho por conta própria.

À luz do desafio demográfico da UE que o envelhecimento da população representa, bem como da crescente diversidade da vida profissional, a Eurofound continuará a explorar os fatores que permitem que mais trabalhadores permaneçam mais tempo no mercado de trabalho. Analisará também a melhoria da qualidade do emprego enquanto facilitador de uma maior participação no mercado de trabalho e de uma maior motivação dos trabalhadores, contribuindo para um trabalho sustentável ao longo da vida.

A relação entre o trabalho e a saúde será analisada em estreita consulta com a Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (EU-OSHA). A Eurofound visa desenvolver a sua colaboração com a Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) sobre questões relacionadas com o futuro do trabalho e as condições de trabalho a nível mundial.

«De um modo geral, são boas notícias, porque as condições de trabalho na União Europeia estão a melhorar — embora muito lentamente — mas há a preocupação de que tal não seja necessariamente verdade para todos os grupos de trabalhadores. Depende muito do setor profissional, do nível de habilitações e, há que dizê-lo, se o trabalhador é homem ou mulher.»

Barbara Gerstenberger, chefe da Unidade «Vida ativa»

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Principais mensagens políticas

Infografia 2021

As principais conclusões da investigação da Eurofound servem de contributo para os decisores políticos abordarem algumas das questões-chave neste domínio.

  • A melhoria das condições de trabalho é crucial tanto para os trabalhadores como para os empregadores. É necessário ter em conta muitos aspetos diferentes da qualidade do emprego. Os empregos de boa qualidade permitem que as pessoas tenham vidas ativas mais longas e melhores, contribuindo para o trabalho sustentável e para um equilíbrio positivo entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar.
  • As condições de trabalho na UE estão, de um modo geral, a melhorar, ainda que o ritmo dos progressos seja gradual. Os progressos não têm sido tão rápidos para alguns grupos de trabalhadores, dependendo do tipo de contrato de trabalho, do setor e do nível de habilitações.
  • Existem muitas formas de melhorar as condições de trabalho e a qualidade do emprego na UE. Os governos têm certamente um papel importante a desempenhar no estabelecimento do quadro regulamentar. Mas os trabalhadores e os empregadores, bem como as respetivas organizações, são também intervenientes importantes. Em muitas dimensões da qualidade do emprego, é no local de trabalho que se faz a mudança.
  • Apenas um quinto das empresas europeias encontrou a fórmula de alcançar um nível ótimo de bem-estar no local de trabalho e de desempenho empresarial. Os locais de trabalho com elevado investimento e elevado envolvimento demonstraram oferecer os melhores resultados para os trabalhadores e para os empregadores, maximizando o desempenho e melhorando a qualidade do emprego através de uma maior autonomia dos trabalhadores, facilitando a participação dos trabalhadores e promovendo a formação e a aprendizagem.
  • Muitas pessoas têm dificuldade em conciliar compromissos laborais e não laborais, em especial as pessoas com filhos a cargo e outros prestadores de cuidados. Embora os regimes de trabalho flexíveis possam ajudar a resolver estas dificuldades, também trazem desafios. O teletrabalho, por exemplo, proporciona mais liberdade aos trabalhadores para escolherem quando e onde trabalhar, mas pode também originar horários de trabalho mais longos, com maior intensidade e maior dificuldade em se desligarem do trabalho.
  • O aumento do teletrabalho durante a pandemia da COVID-19 pôs em evidência o esbatimento da separação entre o trabalho e a vida privada. Muitos governos e parceiros sociais debatem iniciativas de «direito de desligar», a fim de evitar que muitos segmentos de trabalhadores fiquem em risco de esgotamento físico e emocional.
  • No futuro, os parceiros sociais devem procurar incluir disposições para os trabalhadores sobre a natureza voluntária do teletrabalho ou a adequação de tarefas específicas ao teletrabalho em qualquer enquadramento ou acordo legal. O esclarecimento sobre como os empregadores podem contribuir para as despesas associadas ao trabalho em casa, bem como as garantias de igualdade salarial e de acesso à formação para quem trabalha à distância, também assumirão uma importância fundamental.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Publications results (567)

This biennial review charts developments in a range of working time issues in the EU and Norway in 2017–2018. It finds that while the average collectively agreed working week across the EU remains unchanged since 2016 – at 38 hours – there was a slight decrease in the past two years in the 15 Member

03 October 2019

This report – the latest in an annual series – describes the main developments in industrial relations and the regulations affecting working conditions at EU level and in the EU Member States and Norway during 2018. Based on data from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, it presents information

02 October 2019

Upward convergence is a process whereby the performance of EU Member States in a given domain or range of domains is seen to improve while gaps between Member States reduce. Achieving upward convergence is of crucial importance to the EU, as the increase of disparities among Member States threatens

25 September 2019

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

In most EU Member States, reviews of the statutory minimum wage rates spark a great deal of public interest. Such reviews affect the wider workforce, beyond those workers on the statutory minimum wage. Pay rates in collective agreements may be adapted in response to an increase in the minimum wage

04 June 2019

Living and working in Europe 2015–2018 brings together Eurofound’s work on the quality of life, work and employment of EU citizens over the last four years of the outgoing European Parliament and Commission. It has a been a period of economic expansion, growing employment and rising living standards

20 May 2019

This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies a greater number of people in employment who can remain in the workforce for longer. The

13 May 2019

Job quality is a major focus of policymakers around the world. For workers, the enterprises that employ them and for societies, there are benefits associated with high-quality jobs, and costs associated with poor-quality jobs. This report – the result of a pioneering project by the International

06 May 2019

This report addresses the rarely discussed issue of rest breaks at work across the European Union. Based on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, it reveals some of the complexities involved in defining whether such breaks should be paid or unpaid, how long they should be and where

01 May 2019

Seniority systems – schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases – have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and

17 April 2019

Online resources results (1778)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 Abril 2024

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Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 Janeiro 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Outubro 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


Blogs results (61)

There is no one future of work for all jobs – policymakers will have their work cut out to ensure that remote and platform working, artificial intelligence and climate change policies will benefit and not disadvantage workers.

2 Maio 2024

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Janeiro 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic made us acutely aware of how dependent our society is on certain essential workers. We felt deep gratitude towards workers in healthcare especially, because they worked ceaselessly in often-difficult conditions.

22 Novembro 2023

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Outubro 2023
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Women and frontline workers are most exposed to the risks of adverse social behaviour at work, such as burnout, exhaustion, anxiety and depression. This is according to the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS). In this data story, we dive into EWCTS data (EU27) to examine the

A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Janeiro 2023
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Telework has become a permanent feature of working life in Europe. While we’ve seen the benefits of more flexible ways of working – particularly during the pandemic – the problems that arise from an increasingly connected life are also becoming clearer. Unfortunately, legislation alone may not be

13 Julho 2022
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The answer is yes – potentially. Assessing the environmental benefits of telework is a complex task, because any move to work from home involves a series of changes in individuals’ daily lives and activities, as well as company-level decisions, that may positively or negatively influence the level

23 Junho 2022
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As we leave behind the lockdowns and business disruptions of COVID-19 and enter a ‘new normal’, it is time to talk about how workplaces might be transformed to drive innovation. Some may baulk at this suggestion, as we continue to grapple with the pandemic fallout, but crises have always been a

28 Junho 2021
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COVID-19 has shown that some things can hit us out of the blue. The pandemic sent a shockwave through businesses all over the world and has brought massive changes to work organisation, internal communication and day-to-day operations for many companies. Doubtless, the depth of the pandemic’s impact

21 Junho 2021

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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