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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

Finland is a unitary state where the highest organs of government are the parliament, the president and the government. The Finnish public administration has two tiers: the state administration and the self-governing municipalities. The state administration operates on all three administrative

13 January 2014

The total number of people employed in the public sector grew from around 317,000 in 2001 to 360,000 in 2008, a growth of 14%. Excluding commercial state-sponsored bodies, the numbers employed in the public service grew from 270,000 in 2000 to 320,000 in 2008, a growth of 19%. Since the financial

13 January 2014

Germany is a federal country made up of 16 federal states (Länder) and the federation (Bund). The Länder are states with sovereign rights and responsibilities that are not devolved from the federation, but are granted to them by the Basic Law. Each state has its own government, parliament, courts

13 January 2014

There is an absence of commonly agreed definitions of key concepts such as public sector, public services and public administration, not to mention ‘central’ public administration. This absence is problematic when comparing several institutions, or even when addressing different issues within one

13 January 2014

Croatia became the 28th Member State of the European Union on 1 July 2013. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe in order to provide knowledge to assist in the development of social and work-related policies. This fact sheet presents information about Croatia

11 July 2013

Lithuania became a Member State of the European Union in 2004 and took up the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July 2013. It is the largest of the three Baltic states, with a population of three million. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe

08 July 2013

This report examines shifts in the pattern of production and employment between different countries and regions of Europe. Based on findings from a series of company case studies, it looks at the location of job creation and job destruction in multinational companies across the 25 EU Member States

12 March 2009

This report presents results from the Employment Options Survey with a special focus on the relationship between private living circumstances and labour market participation. Gender, age, marital status and children do have an influence on employment rates as well as on working conditions. The

17 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

Online resources results (89)

An employment pact for older workers?

The participation rate of the over-50 age group in the labour market is low in Austria by European standards, and the unemployment rate amongst this group is high. This is true regardless of qualifications and includes managers over 50. Experts agree that the transition into the age-determined

Agreements on good employment practices in Spanish companies

A number of agreements on "good employment practices" signed in Spanish companies indicate a new direction in the 1998/9 collective bargaining round. The main features of these agreements are job creation and secure employment in exchange for wage moderation and flexibility, in order to allow

Growing numbers of employment pacts at establishment level

Against the background of persistent high unemployment, the issue of employment security has become one of the most important topics in German industrial relations (TN9710201S [1]). In recent years a growing number of so-called "employment pacts" (Beschäftigungspakte) have been agreed, in particular

Commission invites social partners to take the lead in modernising work organisation

The achievement of a positive balance between work organisation, productivity, innovation and employment has been a central concern of the European Union social policy agenda for some time. Moreover, it constitutes part of a broader agenda revolving around the adaptation of national economies

New issues emerge in 1999 banking bargaining round

On 12 December 1998, negotiations opened for a new collective agreement for the 75,000 salaried employees in Austrian banking, due to take effect from 1 February 1999. The banks offered a pay increase of 1.1%, roughly equivalent to the rate of inflation. This position was maintained in further

National Action Plan on employment still not approved

Luxembourg's National Action Plan on employment, in response to the EU Employment Guidelines, had still not been adopted by the Chamber of Deputies in January 1999. The Council of State continued to express formal opposition on a number of points, while the consultative Chamber representing white

Flexicurity Act makes major changes to labour law

From 1 January 1999, the date on which the Flexibility and Security Act came into force, several areas of Dutch labour law have begun to look quite different. There has already been a degree of controversy about some of the potential effects, such as the cost of terminating an employment contract

Employment security: the new big issue at establishment level

In times of high unemployment, increasing competition in the private sector and public budget constraints, employees tend to experience considerable worry about their jobs. The threat of workforce reductions and redundancies, mostly felt at shopfloor level, very much affects and influences the work

Partnership, flexibility and employment: The growth of job security agreements

In April 1997 the European Commission published a Green Paper on Partnership for a new organisation of work [1] (EU9707134F [2]). It argued that the key to improving competitiveness and employment was "through a better organisation of work at the workplace, based on high skill, high trust and high

Eurocopter lands on a 35-hour week

While France's CNPF employers' confederation has been vociferously opposing the law - adopted in May 1998 - implementing the 35-hour working week in 2000, large companies have been negotiating agreements trading off "working time" for "flexibility". These agreements will be implemented prior to the


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Březen 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Prosinec 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 Prosinec 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 Listopad 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Červen 2018

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