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Employment relationship

Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. Regardless of the type and duration of the employment relationship, workers have the right to fair and equal treatment regarding working conditions, access to social protection and training.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (47)

Finland is a unitary state where the highest organs of government are the parliament, the president and the government. The Finnish public administration has two tiers: the state administration and the self-governing municipalities. The state administration operates on all three administrative

13 January 2014

The total number of people employed in the public sector grew from around 317,000 in 2001 to 360,000 in 2008, a growth of 14%. Excluding commercial state-sponsored bodies, the numbers employed in the public service grew from 270,000 in 2000 to 320,000 in 2008, a growth of 19%. Since the financial

13 January 2014

Germany is a federal country made up of 16 federal states (Länder) and the federation (Bund). The Länder are states with sovereign rights and responsibilities that are not devolved from the federation, but are granted to them by the Basic Law. Each state has its own government, parliament, courts

13 January 2014

There is an absence of commonly agreed definitions of key concepts such as public sector, public services and public administration, not to mention ‘central’ public administration. This absence is problematic when comparing several institutions, or even when addressing different issues within one

13 January 2014

Croatia became the 28th Member State of the European Union on 1 July 2013. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe in order to provide knowledge to assist in the development of social and work-related policies. This fact sheet presents information about Croatia

11 July 2013

Lithuania became a Member State of the European Union in 2004 and took up the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July 2013. It is the largest of the three Baltic states, with a population of three million. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe

08 July 2013

This report examines shifts in the pattern of production and employment between different countries and regions of Europe. Based on findings from a series of company case studies, it looks at the location of job creation and job destruction in multinational companies across the 25 EU Member States

12 March 2009

This report presents results from the Employment Options Survey with a special focus on the relationship between private living circumstances and labour market participation. Gender, age, marital status and children do have an influence on employment rates as well as on working conditions. The

17 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has commissioned a research project to analyse the impact of flexible employment policies and human resources management on working conditions at the corporate level. Research institutes of seven countries participate in

15 February 2009

Online resources results (89)

New site pact signed for west German Opel plants

On 20 January 1998, the company works council (Gesamtbetriebsrat) and the executive board of Adam Opel AG- the German subsidiary company of the General Motors Corporation (GM) - signed a new works agreement on future investments, safeguarding employment and reduction of labour costs. After more than

Profit-sharing and personnel policy at Audi

In December 1997, management and company works council [1] at the German car producer Audi AG concluded a works agreement on the introduction of a new permanent profit-sharing system for all employees, which comes into effect from 1998. This is the latest in a number of new personnel policies that

Redundancy agreement signed at Italian State Railways

In December 1997, the Italian State Railways signed an agreement with transport workers' trade unions on the management of redundancies. The agreement provides for the creation of a fund to deal with redundant staff by means of "mobility" procedures, the Wages Guarantee Fund, job-security agreements

Pay talks and job creation at Renault Portuguesa

This feature focuses on the background to a dispute at Renault's operations in Portugal, which is continuing in November 1997. It outlines the steps taken to create jobs at Renault's Cacia plant in line with a deal signed between the company and the Government, and analyses the current state of pay

Special clauses and new trends in collective bargaining in Spain

There has been an increase in the number of Spanish collective agreements with "special clauses" as a result of the labour reforms of 1994 and 1997, according to reports on bargaining published in late 1997. The latest topics covered by these clauses are functional and geographical mobility

Partners in Progress - the TUC annual conference

On 8-11 September 1997, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) held its first conference in nearly 20 years at which the decisions made by its 75 affiliated unions may again have some influence in the corridors of power. The theme of this year's conference was /Partners in Progress/, reflecting the TUC's

Agreement on employment and working conditions in Catalan Regional Government

An agreement, signed in July 1997 and covering the period 1997/9, is the first to be concluded by the Catalan Government and the trade unions since 1992, and covers the issue of employment security in the Catalan Regional Government (Generalitat). It introduces changes in working hours, encourages

Jospin Government launches job creation programme for young people

In September 1997, the French Government presented a bill establishing a new scheme to create 350,000 jobs in the public and non-profit sectors for young people. We review the contents of the plan and the reactions of the social partners.

Debate on working time: What workers want

During the 1980s, the reduction of working time was one of the top priorities of trade unions' collective bargaining policy. In 1984, the Industriegewerkschaft Metall (IG Metall) metalworkers' trade union reached an agreement on a step-by-step reduction of the working week from 40 to 35 hours. The


Blogs results (6)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Březen 2022
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Prosinec 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 Prosinec 2020
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According to the dictionary, an organisation is an organised group of people with a particular purpose. To achieve this purpose, tasks are divided between the members of the group, and the task of some of those people is to manage the others. Interestingly, whereas most tasks are allocated based on

27 Listopad 2020
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 Červen 2018

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