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En aldrende arbejdsstyrke

Europas aldrende befolkning skaber mange udfordringer for de politiske beslutningstagere i forbindelse med beskæftigelse, arbejdsvilkår, levestandarder og velfærd. Det har ført til bekymring over pensionssystemernes bæredygtighed og udbuddet af arbejdskraft. At fremme beskæftigelsesmuligheder for en aldrende arbejdsstyrke kræver nytænkning hos virksomhederne og på nationalt plan og EU-niveau.

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From July to December 2024, Eurofound supports the work of Hungary's presidency of the Council of the EU, providing valuable research results on specific topics linked with the presidency priorities.

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EU context

Trods den betydelige vækst i beskæftigelsesgraden for ældre arbejdstagere gennem det seneste årti i mange EU-lande fremhæver man i Europa-Kommissionens Fælles Rapport om Beskæftigelsen 2017 potentialet for at øge beskæftigelsesgraden yderligere. I 2016 lå beskæftigelsesgraden for ældre arbejdstagere mellem 55 og 64 år i EU på 55,3 % sammenlignet med 66,6 % for hele gruppen mellem 15 og 64 år. Stigningen har været størst blandt ældre kvinder.

Den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder skaber en ramme, der kan hjælpe arbejdsmarkederne med at tilpasse sig nye udfordringer og samtidig fremme retfærdighed og solidaritet mellem generationerne. Man understreger retten til et arbejdsmiljø, der er tilpasset arbejdstagerens faglige behov, for at give dem mulighed for at forlænge deres deltagelse på arbejdsmarkedet. Desuden forpligter man sig til i den seneste selvstændige aftale mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter i Europa om aktiv aldring og en metode på tværs af generationerne til at gøre det lettere for ældre arbejdstagere at deltage aktivt og forblive længere på arbejdsmarkedet.

Eurofounds arbejde

Eurofound har en lang tradition med ekspertise inden for de spørgsmål, som den aldrende arbejdsstyrke står over for. Forskningen siden 1990'erne har fokuseret på ældre arbejdstageres deltagelse på arbejdsmarkedet, jobresultater, arbejdsvilkår og præferencer på arbejdsmarkedet i den politiske sammenhæng med Europas ændrede demografiske profil. Arbejdet har også været centreret om politisk opbakning og initiativer på virksomhedsniveau, der kan fremme ældre arbejdstageres beskæftigelse. Man har set på ældre kvindelige arbejdstagere og fremhævet de stigende beskæftigelsesrater for denne gruppe og deres stigende andel af arbejdsstyrken, navnlig i aldersgruppen fra 55 til 64 år.

Undersøgelsesdata

Eurofounds store undersøgelser leverer en række data om situationen for ældre arbejdstagere. Den sjette europæiske undersøgelse af arbejdsvilkår (EWCS) ser på, hvordan ældre arbejdstagere er stillet på tværs af forskellige dimensioner af jobkvalitet. Selvom det er mindre sandsynligt, at ældre arbejdstagere bliver arbejdsløse end yngre, viser data, at ældre arbejdstagere føler, at hvis de bliver arbejdsløse, vil de ikke kunne finde et nyt job med en tilsvarende løn og vil have svært ved at komme tilbage på arbejdsmarkedet.

En undersøgelse baseret på Eurofounds femte europæiske undersøgelse af arbejdsvilkår (EWCS) kigger på kendetegnene ved den ældre arbejdsstyrke og på arbejde i forskellige aldre samt de faktorer, der gør arbejdet bæredygtigt for en aldrende arbejdsstyrke: gode arbejdsvilkår, fysisk og mental velvære og balance mellem arbejde og privatliv.

Eurofounds europæiske livskvalitetsundersøgelse (EQLS) indeholder aldersrelaterede resultater vedrørende forskellige dimensioner af livskvalitet i Europa. En analyse af præferencer på arbejdsmarkedet for personer over 50 år trækker på resultaterne af den tredje EQLS og viser, at mange ældre arbejdstagere foretrækker at arbejde færre timer selv under hensyntagen til deres økonomiske behov. Ved at lette denne tættere overensstemmelse mellem arbejdstid og folks præferencer kan man gøre det muligt at motivere dem til at arbejde længere.

Længere arbejdsliv

For nylig sluttede Eurofound sig til tre andre EU-agenturer og så på aldersvenligt arbejde i Europa, de politiske udfordringer vedrørende den aldrende arbejdsstyrke og innovative løsninger.

Mange er ikke i stand til eller kan ikke finde motivationen til at arbejde indtil den lovbestemte pensionsalder. Men der findes også en gruppe, der er i stand til og villige til at arbejde efter pensionsalderen. Eurofound har undersøgt det stadig mere fremherskende fænomen med at påtage sig arbejde efter pensionsalderen.

Ved den seneste forskning har man fokuseret på at forlænge arbejdslivet gennem fleksible pensionsordninger, idet man især har kigget på ordninger med delvis pension, der kan fremme dette. Revisioner midt i karrieren kan bidrage til længere arbejdsliv. Forskerne har undersøgt, hvordan man kan hjælpe med til at præcisere arbejdstagernes muligheder for at forblive på arbejdsmarkedet indtil en senere pensionsalder. Man fremhæver forskellige instrumenter, der er udviklet af virksomhederne for at holde fast på de aldrende arbejdstagere.

I andre forskningsprojekter dokumenterer man nationale og sektorbaserede initiativer fra regeringer og arbejdsmarkedets parter for at beholde ældre arbejdstagere på arbejdsmarkedet, herunder økonomiske incitamenter og forbedrede betingelser. I et tidligere projekt analyserede man initiativer til aldersforvaltning, der var indført før og efter recessionen, for at fremhæve god praksis på virksomheder i Europa.

Ressourcer

Key outputs

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Rapporten redegør for covid-19-krisens konsekvenser for ældre borgeres livskvalitet, herunder for deres trivsel, økonomi, beskæftigelse og sociale inklusion. Den undersøger virkningerne på brugen af plejetjenester og ældres afhængighed af anden...

28 januar 2022
Publication
Research report
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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 maj 2019
Publication
Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 januar 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

Achieving work environments that make work sustainable over a lifetime is a key facet of the promotion of longer working lives. This study - based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey - considers the dimensions of work that have proved essential to the understanding of work sustainability

09 December 2012

The proportion of people aged 65 and over will rise from 17% to 30% of the EU population by 2060, while at the same time the working age population will decline. The European Commission estimates that most of the increase in public spending in the EU over the next 50 years will be on pensions, long

28 November 2012

Of all the future challenges facing labour markets in Europe, none is more certain than the demographic imbalances resulting from the lower birth cohorts after the post-war ‘baby boom’ and the continual increase in life expectancy. Indeed, this has already led to a significant shift in the age

04 November 2012

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions carried out major surveys on working conditions in Europe in 1990, 1995 and 2000. The findings of these surveys reveal a number of alarming trends regarding age and working conditions, in particular: a low level of access

26 August 2012

Using data from the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), this study measures job quality in the 27 countries of the European Union, as well as seven additional countries in Europe that participated in the survey. The intention was to find an objective means of assessing the principle

12 August 2012

This report summarises available data on recent employment trends for older workers in the EU27 as well as the results of organisation case studies and overviews on developments in workplace age management undertaken by Eurofound in 2011. The first section uses Eurostat data to provide a statistical

23 May 2012

Eurofounds undersøgelse med titlen »Restructuring in recession and labour force participation« (»Omstrukturering i økonomiske nedgangstider og arbejdsmarkedsdeltagelse«) havde fokus på den seniorpolitik, der bliver ført i virksomhederne som følge af omstruktureringerne under den økonomiske afmatning

22 March 2012

Vienna General Hospital sees the importance of the tackling the issue of ageing in terms of organisational strategy, organisational culture, personal development, organisation of work, and individual health of employees. The human resource department at Vienna General Hospital is responsible for the

23 January 2012

T-Mobile HR manager confirmed that age management is an emerging concept in the Czech Republic in general and in the company’s HR policy in particular. Czech firms have not developed age management measures in greater extent due to the excess of labour force supply over demand. In addition, early

22 January 2012

There are two approaches to age management at Abengoa. Firstly, Abengoa has HR practices and policies that promote the employability and mobility of all workers - although these policies apply to the whole workforce, regardless of age. These policies enable employees to remain in the job market and

22 January 2012

Online resources results (133)

Older workers show highest levels of company loyalty

In 2007, Factum Group [1] – a partnership of central and eastern European market research agencies – conducted international research into workers’ attitudes, loyalty to their employer and job satisfaction in seven countries, including Lithuania. In Lithuania, the study was carried out by the Market

Factors determining early exit from employment

A study on ‘Early exit from employment’ was conducted by the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]) in 2007. The main aim of the study was to assess the key factors influencing the early retirement choices of older workers. The report aimed to contribute

Labour market participation of older people

In the context of the EU EQUAL [1] initiative, the Empeiria Development Partnership, whose coordinating partner is the Economic and Social Council of Greece (Oικονομική και Κοινωνική Επιτροπή, ΟΚΕ [2]), has carried out studies and research (in Greek) [3] on the issue of ‘active ageing’. The key

Increase in generational wage gap since early 1990s

In September 2007, the Research Unit of the Central Bank of Italy (Banca d’Italia [1]) published a working paper entitled The generation gap: Relative earnings of young and old workers in Italy (862Kb PDF) [2]. The paper examines the developments of labour market entry wages, as well as the gap

Managing the transition from work to retirement

According to the analysis of the survey findings on the Transition from work into retirement (3.5Mb PDF, in Polish and English) [1] which was published by the Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS [2]) in 2007, persons aged 55 to 64 years show a very low level of economic

Report signals employment challenges in the EU despite continuing economic growth

The European Commission has outlined key messages (148Kb PDF) [1] from its report Employment in Europe 2007 [2]. The report begins by providing a brief analysis of European labour markets (Chapter 1 (752Kb PDF) [3]), noting that in 2006 EU economic growth was better than anticipated. This had

Study reveals gap in labour market supply and demand

A study (in Latvian (1.1Mb WinZip file)) [1] on labour force supply and demand – one of 13 studies – was initiated by the Republic of Latvia’s Ministry of Welfare (Labklājības ministrija Latvijas Republikas [2]) in the framework of the National Labour Market Research Programme (in Latvian) [3]

‘Inclusive working life’ programme reduces sick leave in companies

The Norwegian national intervention programme ‘Inclusive Working Life’ (/Inkluderende arbeidsliv/, IWL) was initiated in 2001 with the objective of reducing sick leave, preventing early retirement and promoting employment of employees with ‘impaired functionality’, that is, reduced work ability

Motives behind early retirement and working beyond retirement

In the Czech Republic, the statutory retirement age has been increased progressively up to 62 years. However, current political debate considers that raising the retirement age to 65 years is an inevitable step. Taking into account these changes, it is interesting to see how many people today are

Older workers’ attitudes towards working after retirement

Commissioned by the National Social Security Institute (Национален Осигурителен Институт, NSSI [1]), the national representative survey on Factors for introducing flexible retirement forms and encouraging the employment of older people (in Bulgarian, 186Kb PPT) [2] is the first of its kind to


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 januar 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 marts 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 juni 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 januar 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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