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Salaris en inkomen

Salaris en inkomen zijn fundamentele elementen van arbeidsverhoudingen en levenskwaliteit. Gezien de ontwikkelingen binnen de economie en de samenleving in het algemeen als gevolg van de crisis staat dit thema des te meer in de schijnwerpers op EU-niveau.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

De inspanningen van de EU wat betreft de lonen staan beschreven in de Europese pijler van sociale rechten: het recht van werknemers op een billijk loon waarmee zij een fatsoenlijke levensstandaard kunnen genieten, de zorg voor toereikende minimumlonen en het voorkomen van armoede onder werkenden.

Het werk van Eurofound

Eurofound publiceert periodieke rapportages over diverse aspecten van salaris en inkomen gelet op de veranderende economische omstandigheden binnen Europa.

Salarisevaluatie

De verzamelde informatievoorziening van Eurofound over salaris is te vinden in het Europees Observatorium voor het arbeidsbestaan (EurWORK). Door het periodiek rapporteren ontstaat een doorlopende reeks van waarnemingen over salaris via cao's en is het mogelijk om trends te evalueren. Eurofound publiceert periodiek actuele updates over wettelijk minimumloon en salaris via cao's, naast evaluaties van landelijke ontwikkelingen in loonvormingsmechanismen, gelijke beloning, variabele beloning, lage beloning en de genderkloof in loon.

De landenprofielen betreffende het arbeidsbestaan bevatten informatie over landelijke salarissen en worden regelmatig bijgewerkt. EurWORK beheert twee databases voor salarissen (zie hieronder voor de bronnen).

De Europese Banenmonitor (EJM) van Eurofound hanteert diverse kwalitatieve maatstaven, waaronder salaris, om de verschuivingen in werkgelegenheid per baan te beoordelen. Zodoende vergroot de monitor met name onze kennis van de zogenoemde werkgelegenheidspolarisatie, waarbij de werkgelegenheidsgroei meestal kleiner blijkt in het midden van de loonschaal dan boven- en onderaan.

Onderzoeksgegevens

De enquêtes van Eurofound evalueren ook de salarisomstandigheden in de EU. Om de kwaliteit van het werk te beoordelen, stelt het onderzoek van Eurofound het salaris centraal. De Europese enquête naar de arbeidsomstandigheden (EWCS) benoemt zeven indicatoren van baankwaliteit, waaronder het inkomen. Daarnaast brengt de EWCS verslag uit van het loonverschil tussen mannen en vrouwen. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EWCS.

De Europese enquête over de kwaliteit van het bestaan (EQLS) evalueert in welke mate het inkomen invloed uitoefent op de levensstandaard en welk verband er bestaat tussen inkomensongelijkheid enerzijds en sociale samenhang en welzijn anderzijds. Deze evaluatie overziet de gevolgen van de crisis voor gezinnen, met de nadruk op lage inkomens, huishoudelijke schuld en groepen nabij de armoedegrens. Daarnaast verzamelt de EQLS informatie over het inkomen na het pensioen en het mogelijk verlengen van het werkzame leven. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EQLS.

De Europese Bedrijvenenquête (ECS) kijkt naar het benutten van regelingen voor variabele beloning in ondernemingen en de mate waarin de salarissen van hun werknemers via cao's worden geregeld. Door middel van deze enquête is het mogelijk om informatie over variabele beloning en loononderhandelingen te koppelen aan informatie over arbeidsorganisatie, personeelsbeleid, medezeggenschap en sociale dialoog, alsook aan prestaties en welzijn op de werkplek.

Key outputs

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De jaarlijkse evaluatie van de minimumlonen voor 2023 werd opgesteld in het kader van ongekende inflatie in heel Europa. Hoewel dit in veel landen tot forse stijgingen van de nominale...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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In dit verslag wordt de welvaartsverdeling van huishoudens in de EU-lidstaten onderzocht en wordt de rol van rijkdom in de sociale mobiliteit geanalyseerd. Aan de hand van gegevens uit drie...

30 maart 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

De jaarlijkse evaluatie van de minimumlonen voor 2023 werd opgesteld in het kader van ongekende inflatie in heel Europa. Hoewel dit in veel landen tot forse stijgingen van de nominale lonen leidde, was het in veel gevallen niet genoeg om de koopkracht van werknemers op peil te houden. Dit verslag

29 June 2023

Onbetaalbare huisvesting is een punt van grote zorg in de EU. Gebrek aan betaalbare woningen leidt tot dakloosheid, woononzekerheid, financiële druk en ontoereikende huisvesting. Ook ontneemt het jongeren de mogelijkheid het ouderlijk huis te verlaten. Deze problemen ondermijnen de gezondheid en het

30 May 2023

De COVID-19-pandemie heeft, al naargelang de bestaande achterstanden, uiteenlopende gevolgen gehad voor de verschillende groepen in de samenleving. Algemeen wordt ervan uitgegaan dat de ongelijkheid als gevolg van de pandemie op verschillende terreinen is toegenomen. Aan de hand van indicatoren van

24 January 2023

Dit verslag werd opgesteld in het kader van het driejarig (2021-2023) proefproject “De rol van het minimuminkomen bij de vaststelling van de universele arbeidsgarantie”, dat door de Europese Commissie in opdracht is gegeven aan Eurofound. Het verslag is gericht op de derde module van het project

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Na een voorzichtige loonronde voor 2021 zijn de nominale minimumlonen voor 2022 aanzienlijk gestegen naarmate de negatieve gevolgen van de pandemie afnamen en de economieën en arbeidsmarkten verbeterden. In dit verband hebben 20 van de 21 EU-lidstaten met wettelijke minimumlonen hun tarieven

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)

Slovenia: Cross-border workers create new union

With more than 20,000 Slovenian workers travelling daily to work in Austria, Slovenian cross-border workers have established a new trade union to fight double taxation.

Ireland: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The first General Election since Ireland exited the bailout programme, continuing local pay bargaining and a six-day strike over pay at light rail tram company Luas are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland in

United Kingdom: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The forthcoming referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union and the UK’s productivity gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first quarter of 2016.

Czech Republic: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Positive trends in economic performance (raising the issue of an imbalance between cheap labour and productivity), measures to deal with disadvantaged groups on the labour market, and equal pay are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Italy: New Stability Law extends range of tax-exempt benefits

Italy’s 2016 Stability Law supports the uptake of private welfare measures by extending the types of tax-exempt benefits offered by employers to include those agreed through collective bargaining.

Cyprus: Report analyses impact of crisis and adjustment programme

The annual economic report of the Cyprus Labour Institute concludes that fiscal adjustment had negative effects on GDP, employment and the unemployment rate, diverted resources from social uses towards servicing public debt, and caused a sharp deterioration in living conditions.

Finland: Immigrant employment – debate and action

Social partners seek to facilitate the integration of immigrants, but trade unions dismiss proposals for reduced salaries for unqualified immigrants.

Norway: Employer confederations seek minimum wage for refugees and immigrants

There is no national statutory minimum wage in Norway. However, several employer confederations have taken an initiative to introduce a minimum wage in relation to the current refugee situation.

Croatia: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

​The election of Croatia’s new Prime Minister and government, and serious challenges to public finance over public-sector wages are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Croatia in the first quarter of 2016.

Slovenia: Controversy over amendments to the Minimum Wage Act

The definition of the minimum wage in Slovenia was changed at the end of November 2015. From 1 January 2016, the allowances for unfavourable working time (night, Sunday and holiday work) are exempted from it and paid separately. Trade unions are pleased, but employer organisations were outraged and


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mei 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 januari 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 augustus 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 april 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 februari 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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