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Salaris en inkomen

Salaris en inkomen zijn fundamentele elementen van arbeidsverhoudingen en levenskwaliteit. Gezien de ontwikkelingen binnen de economie en de samenleving in het algemeen als gevolg van de crisis staat dit thema des te meer in de schijnwerpers op EU-niveau.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

De inspanningen van de EU wat betreft de lonen staan beschreven in de Europese pijler van sociale rechten: het recht van werknemers op een billijk loon waarmee zij een fatsoenlijke levensstandaard kunnen genieten, de zorg voor toereikende minimumlonen en het voorkomen van armoede onder werkenden.

Het werk van Eurofound

Eurofound publiceert periodieke rapportages over diverse aspecten van salaris en inkomen gelet op de veranderende economische omstandigheden binnen Europa.

Salarisevaluatie

De verzamelde informatievoorziening van Eurofound over salaris is te vinden in het Europees Observatorium voor het arbeidsbestaan (EurWORK). Door het periodiek rapporteren ontstaat een doorlopende reeks van waarnemingen over salaris via cao's en is het mogelijk om trends te evalueren. Eurofound publiceert periodiek actuele updates over wettelijk minimumloon en salaris via cao's, naast evaluaties van landelijke ontwikkelingen in loonvormingsmechanismen, gelijke beloning, variabele beloning, lage beloning en de genderkloof in loon.

De landenprofielen betreffende het arbeidsbestaan bevatten informatie over landelijke salarissen en worden regelmatig bijgewerkt. EurWORK beheert twee databases voor salarissen (zie hieronder voor de bronnen).

De Europese Banenmonitor (EJM) van Eurofound hanteert diverse kwalitatieve maatstaven, waaronder salaris, om de verschuivingen in werkgelegenheid per baan te beoordelen. Zodoende vergroot de monitor met name onze kennis van de zogenoemde werkgelegenheidspolarisatie, waarbij de werkgelegenheidsgroei meestal kleiner blijkt in het midden van de loonschaal dan boven- en onderaan.

Onderzoeksgegevens

De enquêtes van Eurofound evalueren ook de salarisomstandigheden in de EU. Om de kwaliteit van het werk te beoordelen, stelt het onderzoek van Eurofound het salaris centraal. De Europese enquête naar de arbeidsomstandigheden (EWCS) benoemt zeven indicatoren van baankwaliteit, waaronder het inkomen. Daarnaast brengt de EWCS verslag uit van het loonverschil tussen mannen en vrouwen. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EWCS.

De Europese enquête over de kwaliteit van het bestaan (EQLS) evalueert in welke mate het inkomen invloed uitoefent op de levensstandaard en welk verband er bestaat tussen inkomensongelijkheid enerzijds en sociale samenhang en welzijn anderzijds. Deze evaluatie overziet de gevolgen van de crisis voor gezinnen, met de nadruk op lage inkomens, huishoudelijke schuld en groepen nabij de armoedegrens. Daarnaast verzamelt de EQLS informatie over het inkomen na het pensioen en het mogelijk verlengen van het werkzame leven. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EQLS.

De Europese Bedrijvenenquête (ECS) kijkt naar het benutten van regelingen voor variabele beloning in ondernemingen en de mate waarin de salarissen van hun werknemers via cao's worden geregeld. Door middel van deze enquête is het mogelijk om informatie over variabele beloning en loononderhandelingen te koppelen aan informatie over arbeidsorganisatie, personeelsbeleid, medezeggenschap en sociale dialoog, alsook aan prestaties en welzijn op de werkplek.

Key outputs

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De jaarlijkse evaluatie van de minimumlonen voor 2023 werd opgesteld in het kader van ongekende inflatie in heel Europa. Hoewel dit in veel landen tot forse stijgingen van de nominale...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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In dit verslag wordt de welvaartsverdeling van huishoudens in de EU-lidstaten onderzocht en wordt de rol van rijkdom in de sociale mobiliteit geanalyseerd. Aan de hand van gegevens uit drie...

30 maart 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Seniority systems – schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases – have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and

17 April 2019

This short report examines the projected structural change for the wage and task structure of employment in EU Member States, up to 2030, using the framework developed in Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor.

17 December 2018

A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have emerged in a small number of mainly English-speaking countries, including the UK and Ireland. These initiatives have

30 November 2018

This report examines the development of collectively agreed pay in conjunction with the development of actual compensation (‘wages’) and labour productivity in real terms. It applies both a longer-term perspective (the early 2000s to 2017) and a short-term perspective, with a focus on the outcomes

10 October 2018

Eurofound has a considerable body of research findings looking at how salary levels are set in EU Member States. This report looks at the mechanisms used to determine statutory minimum wages, the use of variable pay schemes in companies in the EU, and national systems of supplementary pay.

27 March 2018
Publication
Customised report

In light of the limited action in many Member States to introduce or review gender pay transparency instruments as recommended, in November 2017 the European Commission announced the possible need for further targeted measures at EU level. This report reviews experiences in four Member States –

07 February 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors

06 February 2018

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway.

25 September 2017

This article discusses developments in collectively agreed wages in the European Union in 2016, putting them into the perspective of developments over the past 15 years. The tendency for growth in both nominal and real collectively agreed wages from 2015 continued. In two countries (Belgium and

25 July 2017

This EurWORK topical update summarises the views of European and national-level stakeholders on recent debates on implementing the principle of ‘equal pay’ for posted workers. Directive 96/71/EC foresees that posted workers must be granted the minimum standards of employment conditions applicable in

18 July 2017

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 maart 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mei 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 januari 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 augustus 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 april 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 februari 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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