Přejít k hlavnímu obsahu
Shutterstock image of young couple reviewing their finances

Mzdy a příjmy

Mzdy a příjmy mají zásadní význam pro pracovněprávní vztahy a kvalitu života. Tomuto problému je na úrovni EU věnována větší pozornost v důsledku celkového hospodářského a společenského vývoje vyvolaného krizí.

Topic

Recent updates

eurofoundtalks-19-gender-pay-gap.png

In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
ef22064_card_cover.png

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Leden 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Evropský pilíř sociálních práv stanoví závazky EU týkající se mezd: právo pracovníků na spravedlivou mzdu umožňující důstojnou životní úroveň; zajištění odpovídající minimální mzdy a zamezení chudoby pracujících.

Činnost nadace Eurofound

Nadace Eurofound předkládá pravidelné zprávy týkající se různých hledisek mezd a příjmů s ohledem na měnící se hospodářskou situaci v Evropě.

Sledování mezd

Prostřednictvím své Evropské observatoře pracovního života (EurWORK) shromažďuje nadace Eurofound širokou škálu informací o mzdách. Díky pravidelnému podávání zpráv vznikají delší série pozorování týkající se mezd stanovených na základě kolektivních smluv, což umožňuje sledovat trendy vývoje. Nadace Eurofound zveřejňuje pravidelné doplnění aktuálních informací týkající se zákonné minimální mzdy a mzdy stanovené na základě kolektivních smluv. Rovněž sleduje vývoj na úrovni členských států v souvislosti s mechanismy stanovování mezd, se stejnou odměnou, pohyblivou složkou mzdy, nízkými mzdami a rozdíly v odměňování žen a mužů.

Profily pracovního života zemí obsahují informace o mzdách na vnitrostátní úrovni a jsou pravidelně aktualizovány. Nadace EurWORK spravuje dvě databáze o mzdách (viz zdroje níže).

Evropský monitor pracovních míst nadace Eurofound (EJM) hodnotí posuny v oblasti zaměstnanosti podle jednotlivých zaměstnání na základě různých kvalitativních opatření včetně mezd. Zejména rozšiřuje naše znalosti ohledně jevu zvaného polarizace zaměstnání – tj. rozsahu, v němž bude růst zaměstnanosti pravděpodobně větší v horní a spodní části rozložení mezd v porovnání se střední částí.

Údaje z průzkumu

Průzkum nadace Eurofound rovněž sleduje situaci mezd v EU. Mzdy sehrávají v rámci výzkumu nadace Eurofound rozhodující úlohu při posouzení kvality práce. V průzkumu pracovních podmínek v Evropě (Průzkum pracovních podmínek v Evropě) tvoří příjmy jeden ze sedmi ukazatelů kvality pracovních míst. Průzkum pracovních podmínek v Evropě rovněž zahrnuje rozdíly v odměňování žen a mužů. Vyzkoušejte Interaktivní nástroj pro vizualizaci údajů z průzkumu pracovních podmínek v Evropě.

Průzkum kvality života v Evropě (EQLS) sleduje dopad příjmů na životní úroveň a na to, jak souvisí příjmová nerovnost se sociální soudržností a pohodou. Analyzuje vliv krize na rodiny a zaměřuje se přitom na rodiny s nízkými příjmy, závazky vyplývající z obstarávání běžných záležitostí rodiny a skupiny ohrožené chudobou. Průzkum kvality života v Evropě také shromažďuje informace o příjmu v důchodu a možnosti prodlužování pracovního života. Vyzkoušejte interaktivní nástroj pro vizualizaci údajů z průzkumu kvality života v Evropě.

Evropský průzkum společností (ECS) zachycuje využívání systémů pohyblivé složky mzdy v institucích a zahrnuje i zaměstnance těchto institucí, na něž se vztahují kolektivní smlouvy o mzdách. Průzkum umožňuje propojit informace o pohyblivé složce mzdy a mzdovém vyjednávání s informacemi o organizaci práce, řízení lidských zdrojů, přímé účasti zaměstnanců na sociálním dialogu, stejně jako s informacemi o výkonnosti a pohodě na pracovišti.

Key outputs

ef23019_card_cover.png

Přezkum minimálních mezd v roce 2023 byl vypracován v kontextu nebývalé inflace v celé Evropě. Přestože inflace vedla v řadě zemí k výraznému zvýšení nominálních mezd, v mnoha případech to...

29 Červen 2023
Publication
Research report
ef22002_card_cover.png

Pandemie covidu-19 měla na jednotlivé sociální skupiny různé dopady, a to v závislosti na stávajících znevýhodněních, přičemž panovalo všeobecné přesvědčení, že v nejrůznějších oblastech života vyvolala nárůst nerovností. Tato zpráva...

24 Leden 2023
Publication
Research report
ef20034en_card_cover.png

Tato zpráva zkoumá rozdělení bohatství domácností v členských státech EU a analyzuje roli bohatství v sociální mobilitě. S využitím údajů ze tří souborů údajů (průzkum financování a spotřeby domácností, průzkum zdraví, stárnutí a důchodu v Evropě a lucemburská...

30 Březen 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

christine-aumayr-2023.png

Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
caros-vacas-2023.png

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Seniority systems – schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases – have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and

17 April 2019

This short report examines the projected structural change for the wage and task structure of employment in EU Member States, up to 2030, using the framework developed in Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor.

17 December 2018

A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have emerged in a small number of mainly English-speaking countries, including the UK and Ireland. These initiatives have

30 November 2018

This report examines the development of collectively agreed pay in conjunction with the development of actual compensation (‘wages’) and labour productivity in real terms. It applies both a longer-term perspective (the early 2000s to 2017) and a short-term perspective, with a focus on the outcomes

10 October 2018

Eurofound has a considerable body of research findings looking at how salary levels are set in EU Member States. This report looks at the mechanisms used to determine statutory minimum wages, the use of variable pay schemes in companies in the EU, and national systems of supplementary pay.

27 March 2018
Publication
Customised report

In light of the limited action in many Member States to introduce or review gender pay transparency instruments as recommended, in November 2017 the European Commission announced the possible need for further targeted measures at EU level. This report reviews experiences in four Member States –

07 February 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors

06 February 2018

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway.

25 September 2017

This article discusses developments in collectively agreed wages in the European Union in 2016, putting them into the perspective of developments over the past 15 years. The tendency for growth in both nominal and real collectively agreed wages from 2015 continued. In two countries (Belgium and

25 July 2017

This EurWORK topical update summarises the views of European and national-level stakeholders on recent debates on implementing the principle of ‘equal pay’ for posted workers. Directive 96/71/EC foresees that posted workers must be granted the minimum standards of employment conditions applicable in

18 July 2017

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 Březen 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Image of young women placing an order to a waiter in a cafe

Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

ef23050.png

Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

image_article_minimum_wage_ef23051.png

Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

image_news_item_20012023.png

Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Říjen 2022
ef22067.png

First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Květen 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Leden 2023
ef22071.png

Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Srpen 2022
ef22069.png

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Červen 2022
image_blog_26102021.png

While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Říjen 2021
ef21081.png

With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Červen 2021
ef21078.png

Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Červen 2021
ef21075_v2.png

The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Duben 2021
ef21048.png

​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Únor 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.