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Employment structure

The employment structure reflects the change in employment across occupations and sectors, using various proxies of job quality. The current debate about shifts in the employment structure is focused on the extent to which observed patterns of job polarisation and upgrading have contributed to wage inequality trends and on Europe's shrinking middle class.

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Recent updates

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Since 2002, the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) has been monitoring the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events in Europe and covers the 27 EU Member States plus Norway.

Web page

Eurofound research

Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor (EJM) analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU, covering all Member States.

Key outputs

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The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives...

Data Item

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (95)

The ERM Report 2012 focuses on the consequences of restructuring for employees. It examines which employees lost their job at the onset of the economic crisis, which of them found a new job and how both job loss and subsequent re-employment impacted on their overall life situation and satisfaction

05 November 2012

After the output falls between the second quarters of 2008 and 2009, the EU economy is again very close to recession. Real GDP has contracted in two of the last three quarters: quarter-on-quarter, real GDP growth was -0.3% in the fourth quarter of 2011, 0% in the first quarter of 2012 and is

30 October 2012

With GDP growth stagnating, the unemployment rate continuing its upward trend, and unresolved sovereign debt issues in many Member States, it is not easy to be optimistic about the prospects for EU labour markets. The best news tends to be of the ‘it could be worse’ variety. The second issue for

19 July 2012

Significant ECB interventions in December 2011 and February 2012 have helped to stabilise, at least in the short-term, Eurozone sovereign debt concerns. A fresh focus on the essentials of economic activity reveals a weakening EU economy with an increasing likelihood that the Union is already in a

18 April 2012

Consensus forecasts point to slowing growth in the EU during 2012, with some at least indicating a return to recession. Sovereign debt issues in a growing number of Member States – the response to them and anxieties regarding their eventual resolution – are one important contributing factor. The

23 January 2012

This report describes the impact of the ‘great recession’ on employment and the job structure in the EU27. It finds that despite a net loss of over five million jobs between 2008–2010, employment continued to grow in top-paying jobs, largely in knowledge-intensive services and business services

16 January 2012

This case study looks at the way in which the Plansee Group in Austria has sought to ensure a ‘soft landing’ for employees affected by the global economic downturn. Having seen a collapse in demand in 2008, primarily in the parts of its business supplying metal products to the ailing vehicle

16 January 2012

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at job creation. The Great Recession has destroyed many jobs and the recovery has been shallow, with few new jobs being created. Where are new jobs going to come from? Eurofound looks at the care and education sectors as possible drivers of growth and at the

19 December 2011

Em 2003, a Eurofound lançou o Observatório Europeu da Reestruturação (ERM), que, até à data, constitui a única fonte de informação sobre a reestruturação de empresas a nível da União Europeia, fornecendo sínteses de dados e permitindo uma investigação aprofundada e o acompanhamento de casos

01 December 2011

Structural change is a general characteristic of economic development, driven by shifts in relative productivity and demand, technological or socioeconomic changes. To adapt to a changing economic environment, companies undergo restructuring to maintain or improve their competitiveness and, hence

21 November 2011

Online resources results (2)

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The outcome of the referendum on EU membership, the immediate impact of the vote to leave, the social partners’ reaction and the steel industry crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first

Blogs results (12)
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In the digital age, there are fewer routine jobs because of a higher risk of automation. But a great paradox of this age is this: workers in most types of jobs, including high-skilled ones, are reporting higher levels of routine at work. This emerges from a new study of the task content of

28 Setembro 2016
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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Julho 2016

Upcoming publications results (1)

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024

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