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Employment structure

The employment structure reflects the change in employment across occupations and sectors, using various proxies of job quality. The current debate about shifts in the employment structure is focused on the extent to which observed patterns of job polarisation and upgrading have contributed to wage inequality trends and on Europe's shrinking middle class.

Topic

Recent updates

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Since 2002, the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) has been monitoring the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events in Europe and covers the 27 EU Member States plus Norway.

Web page

Eurofound research

Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor (EJM) analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU, covering all Member States.

Key outputs

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The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives...

Data Item

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (95)

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024

À medida que as economias começam a recuperar da pandemia de COVID-19, a escassez de mão de obra está a tornar-se cada vez mais evidente, apesar do impacto da guerra na Ucrânia nos preços dos produtos energéticos e das matérias-primas. Esta escassez inclui carências exacerbadas pela crise em alguns

28 March 2023

Os mercados de trabalho europeus recuperaram da COVID-19 com solidez. No final de 2021, pouco mais de 18 meses após o início da pandemia, as taxas de emprego na UE situavam-se quase nos níveis anteriores à crise. O presente relatório sintetiza a evolução do mercado de trabalho em 2020 e 2021, com

20 October 2022

A pandemia de COVID-19 acentuou as desigualdades em muitas dimensões das sociedades europeias, nomeadamente nas desigualdades entre homens e mulheres em vários domínios fundamentais. Este relatório analisa as desigualdades de género que existiam antes da crise provocada pela COVID-19 e descreve de

13 October 2022

A evolução tecnológica aumenta o seu ritmo à medida que se expande a capacidade dos dispositivos eletrónicos de armazenar, processar e comunicar informações digitalmente. A digitalização está a transformar a economia e os mercados de trabalho da UE: quase um terço dos locais de trabalho da UE são

15 December 2021

Um dos desenvolvimentos mais marcantes nos últimos cinquenta anos foi o aumento vertiginoso da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Dois de cada três novos empregos criados nas duas últimas décadas na UE foram ocupados por mulheres. Ao mesmo tempo, um aumento acentuado das taxas de

14 December 2021

Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the

14 December 2021

A pandemia da COVID-19 encerrou ou limitou muitas atividades económicas em 2020, com impactos de grande alcance no mercado de trabalho. As perdas de emprego no início da pandemia foram mais acentuadas do que as registadas durante a crise financeira mundial. O aumento generalizado de trabalhadores

19 October 2021

While unemployment is still a huge challenge in Europe, some countries, sectors and occupations are experiencing labour shortages. This report explores various approaches to identifying labour shortages and maps national policy debates around the issue. It documents public and social partner

20 July 2021

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective

05 November 2020

Online resources results (2)

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The outcome of the referendum on EU membership, the immediate impact of the vote to leave, the social partners’ reaction and the steel industry crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first

Blogs results (12)
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In the digital age, there are fewer routine jobs because of a higher risk of automation. But a great paradox of this age is this: workers in most types of jobs, including high-skilled ones, are reporting higher levels of routine at work. This emerges from a new study of the task content of

28 Setembro 2016
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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Julho 2016

Upcoming publications results (1)

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024

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