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Novas formas de emprego

Novas formas de emprego é um termo abrangente que representa as formas de emprego mais diversificadas que têm vindo a surgir ou a ganhar importância desde o ano 2000. Paralelamente às relações laborais tradicionais, as novas formas de emprego são caracterizadas por uma mudança nos padrões de trabalho, nas relações contratuais, nos locais, duração e horário de trabalho, pelo aumento da utilização das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC), ou por uma combinação de ambos. 

Topic

Recent updates

Contexto da UE

As mudanças sociais, económicas e tecnológicas na Europa deram origem a novas formas de emprego em todo o continente. A pandemia de COVID-19 também deu origem a um aumento a nível de escala e âmbito das novas formas de emprego. Muitas destas formas são bastante diferentes do «trabalho» tradicional. Transformam a tradicional relação pessoal entre empregador e empregado. São igualmente caracterizadas por padrões e locais de trabalho não convencionais.

Os decisores políticos da UE estão interessados no modo como estas novas formas de emprego podem ajudar a construir um mercado de trabalho mais resiliente e inclusivo. O debate também incide sobre como garantir proteção social adequada e condições de trabalho decentes. Um dos elementos-chave do debate diz respeito ao modo de evitar situações em que estas novas formas de emprego sejam menos favoráveis para os trabalhadores do que os tipos de emprego mais convencionais.

Em 2017, a Comissão Europeia, o Parlamento Europeu e o Conselho anunciaram o Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais, estabelecendo 20 princípios essenciais para o bom funcionamento dos mercados de trabalho. O Plano de Ação 2021 associado refere que a digitalização e as alterações no mundo do trabalho provocadas pela pandemia merecem um debate político alargado, focado não só nos níveis de participação no mercado de trabalho, mas também nas condições de trabalho adequadas para sustentar empregos de qualidade.

A Comissão também levantou a questão das condições de trabalho na sua Comunicação sobre Construir o futuro digital da Europa. As boas condições de trabalho estão no cerne de uma transição digital bem-sucedida capaz de promover a inovação e a difusão tecnológica.

O trabalho da Eurofound no âmbito das novas formas de emprego está relacionado com a prioridade da Comissão para 2019–2024 focada numa Europa preparada para a era digital.

Mensagens principais

  • O emprego convencional ainda é dominante em toda a UE, mas os mercados de trabalho europeus caracterizam-se por formas de emprego cada vez mais diversas. 
  • Espera-se que algumas das novas formas de emprego continuem a crescer, devido à dupla transição para a era digital e para uma economia neutra em carbono. No entanto, algumas novas formas de emprego podem ser negativamente afetadas devido ao impacto económico e no mercado de trabalho da COVID-19.
  • Muitas novas formas de emprego são impulsionadas pela necessidade de flexibilidade por parte dos empregadores/clientes ou dos trabalhadores. Ao desenvolver novas formas de emprego, é crucial assegurar que esta flexibilidade não diminui a proteção dos trabalhadores.
  • O horário de trabalho e a representação, bem como a saúde e a segurança, têm de ser abordados no âmbito das várias novas formas de emprego, incluindo o trabalho móvel baseado nas TIC, o trabalho em plataformas digitais, o trabalho ocasional e o trabalho por cheque-serviço.
  • Para algumas novas formas de emprego, a ambiguidade do estatuto de emprego dos trabalhadores poderá contribuir para a segmentação do mercado de trabalho.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 Dezembro 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

A fim de colmatar lacunas de conhecimento, a Eurofound começou a explorar, em 2013, as características das formas emergentes de emprego nos Estados-membros da UE. A investigação conduzida analisa as implicações nas condições de trabalho e no mercado de trabalho.

Categorizar as novas formas de emprego

Em 2015, a Eurofound levou a cabo um exercício de mapeamento a nível europeu para identificar as tendências emergentes. Este exercício permitiu categorizar nove grandes tipos de formas de emprego novas ou que se tornaram gradualmente importantes nos Estados-membros da Europa desde o ano 2000: partilha de trabalhadores, partilha do trabalho, trabalho por cheque-serviço, gestão interina, trabalho ocasional, trabalho móvel baseado nas TIC, trabalho em plataformas digitais, trabalho independente e emprego colaborativo. Um conjunto de estudos de caso, realizados como parte do estudo, demonstra de que modo estas novas formas de emprego operam nos Estados-membros e os seus efeitos sobre as condições de trabalho e o mercado de trabalho.

Em 2020, a Eurofound levou a cabo uma avaliação de seguimento das novas formas de emprego, que permitiu registar a sua escala, âmbito e incidência, e veio sublinhar a sua relevância crescente para os mercados de trabalho europeus.

O surgimento de novas tendências

A Eurofound continua a analisar de forma mais detalhada algumas das novas tendências identificadas. A investigação realizada em 2016 examinou, em particular, o potencial vantajoso da partilha estratégica de trabalhadores quer para os empregadores, quer para os empregados. Em 2020, um estudo sobre o teletrabalho e o trabalho móvel baseado nas TIC (T/TICM) analisou as implicações destes regimes no emprego e nas condições de trabalho.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

Este relatório apresenta as investigações do Eurofound sobre o teletrabalho durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em 2020 e 2021. Explora as alterações na incidência do teletrabalho, as condições laborais de quem trabalhava a partir de casa e as alterações regulamentares relativas a questões relacionadas

08 December 2022

A evolução tecnológica aumenta o seu ritmo à medida que se expande a capacidade dos dispositivos eletrónicos de armazenar, processar e comunicar informações digitalmente. A digitalização está a transformar a economia e os mercados de trabalho da UE: quase um terço dos locais de trabalho da UE são

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 Julho 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Março 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 Fevereiro 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Dezembro 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 Janeiro 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 Outubro 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Maio 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 Novembro 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Julho 2016

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