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Uued tööhõivevormid

„Uued tööhõivevormid“ on katustermin, mis hõlmab mitmekesisemaid tööhõivevorme, mis on tekkimas või mille tähtsus on suurenenud alates ligikaudu 2000. aastast. Tavapäraste töösuhete kõrval iseloomustavad uusi tööhõivevorme muutuv töökorraldus, lepingulised töösuhted, töökohad, -kestus ja -graafik, info- ja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia (IKT) kasutamine või nende kombinatsioon. 

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Aruanne tutvustab Eurofoundi uuringut kaugtöö kohta COVID-19 pandeemia ajal 2020. ja 2021. aastal. Selles uuritakse kaugtöö sageduse muutusi, kodunt töötamise tingimusi ja kaugtöö eeskirjade muutumist. Selgus, et pandeemia tõttu sagenes...

8 detsember 2022
Publication
Research report

ELi taust

Sotsiaalsed, majanduslikud ja tehnoloogilised muutused Euroopas on olnud alus uute tööhõivevormide tekkeks kogu Euroopas. COVID-19 pandeemia tõttu on kasvanud uute tööhõivevormide ulatus ja kohaldamisala. Paljud neist erinevad väga tavapärasest tööst ning muudavad tööandja ja töötaja vahelist tavapärast kahepoolset suhet. Neid iseloomustavad ka ebatavalised töökorraldus ja töökohad.

ELi poliitikakujundajatele pakub huvi, kuidas aitaksid uued tööhõivevormid luua säilenõtkemat ja kaasavamat tööturgu. Samuti arutatakse, kuidas tagada piisav sotsiaalne kaitse ja inimväärsed töötingimused. Arutelu keskse tähtsusega küsimus on, kuidas vältida olukorda, kus uued tööhõivevormid on töötajatele vähem soodsad kui tavapärased tööhõiveliigid.

2017. aastal avaldasid Euroopa Komisjon, Euroopa Parlament ja nõukogu Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste samba, milles on sätestatud 20 keskset põhimõtet, mis on olulised tööturgude heaks toimivuseks. Lisatud 2021. aasta tegevuskavas märgitakse, et digitaliseerimine ja pandeemiaga kaasnevad töömaailma muutused vajavad ulatuslikku poliitikaarutelu, mis keskenduks peale tööturul osaluse taseme ka piisavatele töötingimustele, mis on kvaliteetsete töökohtade alus.

Komisjon juhtis tähelepanu töötingimuste küsimusele ka oma teatises „Euroopa digituleviku kujundamine“. Head töötingimused on kesksed edukaks digiüleminekuks, mis edendaks innovatsiooni ja tehnoloogia levikut.

Eurofoundi tegevus, mis käsitleb uusi tööhõivevorme, seondub komisjoni prioriteediga aastateks 2019–2024 „Digiajastule vastav Euroopa“.

Peamised sõnumid

  • Tavapärane tööhõive on endiselt domineeriv kogu ELis, kuid Euroopa tööturge iseloomustab tööhõivevormide kasvav mitmekesisus. 
  • Eeldatakse, et mõni uus tööhõivevorm sageneb nn kaksikülemineku tõttu: digiülemineku ja CO2-neutraalsele majandusele ülemineku tõttu. Mõnda uut tööhõivevormi mõjutab siiski negatiivselt COVID-19 pandeemia mõju majandusele ja tööturule.
  • Paljud uued tööhõivevormid on tingitud sellest, et tööandjad/kliendid või töötajad vajavad paindlikkust. Uusi tööhõivevorme arendades on äärmiselt oluline tagada, et see paindlikkus ei vähendaks töötajate kaitset.
  • Tööaega ja töötajate esindatust koos tervise ja ohutusega tuleb käsitleda seoses mitme uue tööhõivevormiga, sealhulgas IKT-põhise liikuva töö, platvormitöö, juhutöö ja vautšeripõhise tööga.
  • Mõne uue tööhõivevormi korral võib tööhõivestaatuse ebaselgus aidata kaasa tööturu killustatusele.
     

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 detsember 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

Olemasolevate teadmuslünkade kõrvaldamiseks on Eurofound alates 2013. aastast uurinud ELi liikmesriikides tekkivate tööhõivevormide omadusi. Uuringutes vaadeldakse ka mõju töötingimustele ja tööturule.

Uued tööhõivevormid

Uute suundumuste uurimiseks tegi Eurofound 2015. aastal üleeuroopalise kaardistamise. Selle tulemusena selgus üheksa tööhõivevormi, mis olid uued või muutunud üha tähtsamaks alates 2000. aastast ELi liikmesriikides: töötajate jagamine, töökohtade jagamine, vautšeripõhine töö, ajutine juhtimine, juhutöö, IKT-põhine liikuv töö, platvormitöö, portfellitöö ja koostööpõhine tööhõive. Uuringu osana tehtud paljudes juhtumiuuringutes näidatakse uute tööhõivevormide toimimist liikmesriikides ja nende mõju töötingimustele ja tööturule.

2020. aastal tegi Eurofound järelmeetmena uute tööhõivevormide läbivaatamise, mis jälitas nende ulatust, kohaldamisala ja esinemissagedust ning rõhutas nende suurenevat olulisust Euroopa tööturgudel.

Uute suundumuste teke

Eurofound analüüsib üksikasjalikumalt mõnda tuvastatud uutest suundumustest. 2016. aasta uuringutes keskenduti eelkõige töötajate strateegilise jagamise kasulikkusele nii tööandjate kui ka töötajate jaoks. 2020. aastal analüüsiti kaugtöö ja IKT-põhise liikuva töö uuringus nende töökorralduste mõju tööhõivele ja töötingimustele.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

Aruanne tutvustab Eurofoundi uuringut kaugtöö kohta COVID-19 pandeemia ajal 2020. ja 2021. aastal. Selles uuritakse kaugtöö sageduse muutusi, kodunt töötamise tingimusi ja kaugtöö eeskirjade muutumist. Selgus, et pandeemia tõttu sagenes kaugtöö järsult: 2021. aastal kaugtöötas kaks kümnendikku

08 December 2022

Tehnika muutumine kiireneb, sest elektroonikaseadmed suudavad talletada, töödelda ja edastada üha rohkem teavet. Digitaliseerimine on muutmas ELi majandust ja tööturgu: peaaegu kolmandik ELi töökohtadest on liigitatud väga digitaliseeritud töökohtadeks. Mis on digitaalse revolutsiooni tagajärjed

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 juuli 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 märts 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 veebruar 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 detsember 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 jaanuar 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 oktoober 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Mai 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 november 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 juuli 2016

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