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Nye beskæftigelsesformer

Nye beskæftigelsesformer er paraplybegrebet for de mere diversificerede nye beskæftigelsesformer, der er ved at opstå eller har fået større betydning i tiden efter 2000. Ud over de traditionelle ansættelsesforhold er nye arbejdsformer kendetegnet ved skiftende arbejdsmønstre, kontraktforhold, arbejdssteder, arbejdstider og arbejdsplaner og ved øget brug af informations- og kommunikationsteknologi (IKT) eller ved en kombination af disse. 

Topic

Recent updates

EU-baggrund

Sociale, økonomiske og teknologiske forandringer i Europa har ført til nye beskæftigelsesformer over hele Europa. Covid-19-pandemien har også medført, at nye beskæftigelsesformer er vokset i omfang og rækkevidde. Mange af disse adskiller sig i væsentlig grad fra traditionelt "arbejde". De forvandler den traditionelle en-til-en-relation mellem arbejdsgiver og arbejdstager. De er også kendetegnet ved utraditionelle arbejdsmønstre og arbejdssteder.

Beslutningstagere i EU er optaget af, hvordan disse nye former for beskæftigelse kan bidrage til et mere modstandsdygtigt og rummeligt arbejdsmarked. Spørgsmålet er også, hvordan man sikrer passende social beskyttelse og anstændige arbejdsvilkår. Noget helt centralt i debatten er, hvordan man undgår en situation, hvor disse nye beskæftigelsesformer er mindre gunstige for arbejdstagerne end mere etablerede typer beskæftigelse.

I 2017 proklamerede Europa-Kommissionen, Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder og fastsatte 20 centrale principper, der er afgørende for velfungerende arbejdsmarkeder. I den ledsagende handlingsplan fra 2021 konstateres det, at digitaliseringen og de ændringer, som pandemien har medført på arbejdsmarkedet, berettiger til en bred politisk debat, der ikke kun fokuserer på graden af arbejdsmarkedsdeltagelse, men også på passende arbejdsvilkår som basis for kvalitetsjob.

Kommissionen rejste også spørgsmålet om arbejdsvilkår i sin meddelelse "Europas digitale fremtid i støbeskeen". Gode arbejdsvilkår er kernen i en vellykket digital omstilling, som vil fremme innovation og teknologispredning.

Eurofounds arbejde med nye beskæftigelsesformer er knyttet til Kommissionens prioritet for 2019-2024 om et Europa klar til den digitale tidsalder.

Centrale budskaber

  • Standardbeskæftigelse er stadig dominerende overalt i EU, men de europæiske arbejdsmarkeder kendetegnes ved stadig mere forskelligartede beskæftigelsesformer. 
  • Nogle nye beskæftigelsesformer forventes fortsat at vinde indpas som følge af den dobbelte overgang til den digitale tidsalder og en kulstofneutral økonomi. Nogle nye beskæftigelsesformer kan imidlertid blive påvirket negativt som følge af de økonomiske og arbejdsmarkedsmæssige konsekvenser af covid-19.
  • Mange nye beskæftigelsesformer er opstået som følge af efterspørgslen på fleksibilitet hos arbejdsgivere/kunder eller arbejdstagere. Ved udviklingen af nye beskæftigelsesformer er det afgørende at sikre, at denne fleksibilitet ikke forringer arbejdstagernes beskyttelse.
  • Arbejdstid, repræsentation samt sundhed og sikkerhed skal tages op i forbindelse med flere nye beskæftigelsesformer, herunder IKT-baseret mobilt arbejde, platformsarbejde, løsarbejde og voucherbaseret arbejde.
  • For nogle nye beskæftigelsesformer kan uklarhed omkring arbejdstagernes beskæftigelsesstatus bidrage til en segmentering af arbejdsmarkedet.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 december 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

For at bygge bro over videnskløften har Eurofound siden 2013 undersøgt kendetegnene ved nye beskæftigelsesformer i EU's medlemsstater. Forskningen fokuserede også på følgerne for arbejdsvilkårene og arbejdsmarkedet.

Kategorisering af nye beskæftigelsesformer

I 2015 gennemførte Eurofound en kortlægning i hele Europa for at identificere nye tendenser. Resultatet af denne aktivitet var ni brede kategorier af beskæftigelsesformer, som er nye eller har vundet indpas i EU's medlemsstater siden 2000: arbejdstagerdeling, jobdeling, voucherbaseret arbejde, midlertidig ledelse, løsarbejde, IKT-baseret mobilt arbejde, platformsarbejde, portfolioarbejde og samarbejdsbaseret beskæftigelse. En række casestudier, der blev gennemført som led i studiet, viser, hvordan disse nye beskæftigelsesformer fungerer i medlemsstaterne, og deres indvirkning på arbejdsvilkårene og arbejdsmarkedet.

I 2020 foretog Eurofound en opfølgende gennemgang af nye arbejdsformer for at klarlægge deres omfang, rækkevidde og udbredelse og deres stigende relevans for de europæiske arbejdsmarkeder.

Nye tendenser

Eurofound fortsætter sin detaljerede undersøgelse af nogle af de identificerede nye tendenser. Forskningen i 2016 fokuserede især på win-win-potentialet ved strategisk arbejdstagerdeling for både arbejdsgivere og arbejdstagere. En undersøgelse af telearbejde og IKT-baseret mobilt arbejde (T/ICTM) i 2020 analyserede konsekvenserne af disse ordninger for beskæftigelse og arbejdsvilkår.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

Denne rapport præsenterer Eurofounds forskning i telearbejde under covid-19-pandemien i 2020 og 2021. Den redegør for ændringer i udbredelsen af telearbejde, arbejdsvilkår for arbejdstagere, der arbejder hjemmefra, og ændringer af bestemmelser omkring denne arbejdsordning. Resultaterne viser en

08 December 2022

Den teknologiske udvikling tager til i fart som følge af de elektroniske enheders udvidede kapacitet til at lagre, behandle og formidle information digitalt. Digitaliseringen forvandler EU's økonomi og arbejdsmarkeder: Næsten en tredjedel af arbejdspladserne i EU kategoriseres som stærkt

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 juli 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 marts 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 februar 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 december 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 januar 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 oktober 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 maj 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 november 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 juli 2016

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