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Employment structure

The employment structure reflects the change in employment across occupations and sectors, using various proxies of job quality. The current debate about shifts in the employment structure is focused on the extent to which observed patterns of job polarisation and upgrading have contributed to wage inequality trends and on Europe's shrinking middle class.

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European Restructuring Monitor

Since 2002, the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) has been monitoring the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events in Europe and covers the 27 EU Member States plus Norway.

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Eurofound research

Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor (EJM) analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU, covering all Member States.

Read more about the EJM: Methodology, Key messages and Publications

Key outputs

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European Jobs Monitor (EJM)

The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives...

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Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas‑Soriano

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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Martina Bisello

​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (95)

The changing structure of employment in the EU: Annual review 2023

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024
Publication
Eurofound research paper
Employment and labour markets
Employment structure
Digitalisation
COVID-19

Priemonės darbo jėgos trūkumo problemai spręsti. Pamokos ateities politikai

Ekonomikai atsigaunant po COVID-19 pandemijos, darbo jėgos trūkumas tampa vis akivaizdesnis, nors karas Ukrainoje ir daro poveikį energijos ir žaliavų kainoms. Kai kuriuose sektoriuose ir profesijose, kuriuose jau anksčiau šis trūkumas buvo didelis, krizė dar labiau jį paaštrino. Šioje ataskaitoje

28 March 2023
Publication
Research report
Skills and training
Unemployment
Employment structure
European Green Deal
Užimtumas ir darbo rinkos
COVID-19
Skaitmeninis amžius: darbo ir užimtumo galimybės ir iššūkiai
Labour market policies
Just transition
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Atsigavimas po COVID-19. Kintanti užimtumo struktūra ES

Europos darbo rinkos puikiai atsigavo po COVID-19 krizės. 2021 m. artėjant prie pabaigos, praėjus vos daugiau kaip 18 mėnesių nuo pandemijos pradžios, užimtumo lygis ES buvo pasiekęs beveik prieškrizinį lygį. Šioje ataskaitoje, naudojant ES darbo jėgos tyrimo ketvirtinius duomenis, apibendrinami

20 October 2022
Publication
Research report
Structural change
Nuotolinis darbas
Employment structure
Lyčių lygybė
Užimtumas ir darbo rinkos
COVID-19
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COVID-19 pandemija ir lyčių nelygybė darbe ir namuose

COVID-19 pandemija išryškino nelygybę daugelyje Europos visuomenių gyvenimo sričių, įskaitant moterų ir vyrų nelygybę keliose pagrindinėse srityse. Šioje ataskaitoje apžvelgiama lyčių nelygybė, buvusi prieš COVID-19 krizę, ir aprašoma, kaip pandemija paveikė lyčių nelygybę. Joje taip pat

13 October 2022
Publication
Research report
Subjective well-being
Profesinio ir asmeninio gyvenimo pusiausvyra
Employment structure
European Pillar of Social Rights
Lyčių lygybė
Care
COVID-19
Living conditions
Gyvenimo sąlygos ir gyvenimo kokybė
Inequality
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Skaitmeninis amžius. Automatizavimo, skaitmeninimo ir platformų poveikis darbui ir užimtumui

Technologiniai pokyčiai spartėja, nes elektroninių įtaisų galimybės skaitmeniniu būdu saugoti, apdoroti ir perduoti informaciją didėja. Skaitmeninimas keičia ES ekonomiką ir darbo rinkas: beveik trečdalis ES darbo vietų yra suskaitmenintos. Koks yra skaitmeninės revoliucijos poveikis užimtumui ir

15 December 2021
Publication
Flagship report
Naujos užimtumo formos
Platform work
Employment structure
Employment relationship
Užimtumas ir darbo rinkos
Pokyčių poveikio numatymas ir valdymas
Skaitmeninis amžius: darbo ir užimtumo galimybės ir iššūkiai
Job creation
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2021 m. Europos darbo vietų stebėsenos ataskaita. Lyčių nelygybė ir užimtumo struktūra

Vienas ryškiausių pastarojo amžiaus pokyčių buvo didžiulis moterų dalyvavimo darbo rinkoje augimas. Dvi iš trijų grynųjų naujų darbo vietų, sukurtų per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius ES, buvo užimtos moterų. Tuo pat metu dėl gyventojų senėjimo ir politikos pokyčių smarkiai didėjantis vyresnio amžiaus

14 December 2021
Publication
Research report
Darbo užmokestis ir pajamos
Employment structure
European Pillar of Social Rights
Lyčių lygybė
Užimtumas ir darbo rinkos
Senėjanti darbo jėga
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Understanding the gender pay gap: What role do sector and occupation play?

Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the

14 December 2021
Publication
Policy brief
Pay and income
Working conditions
Employment structure
Gender equality
Employment and labour markets
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Kas ką tik nutiko? COVID-19 izoliavimo priemonės ir pokyčiai darbo rinkoje

Dėl COVID-19 pandemijos 2020 m. buvo sustabdyta ar apribota daug ekonomikos veiklų ir tai turėjo didžiulę įtaką darbo rinkai. Užimtumo lygio sumažėjimas pandemijos pradžioje buvo ryškesnis nei pasaulinės finansų krizės metu. Dar didesnis darbo valandų skaičiaus sumažėjimas atsirado dėl plačiai

19 October 2021
Publication
Research report
Darbo laikas
Nuotolinis darbas
Employment structure
Užimtumas ir darbo rinkos
COVID-19
Labour market policies
Just transition
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Darbuotojų trūkumo ES valstybėse narėse sprendimas

While unemployment is still a huge challenge in Europe, some countries, sectors and occupations are experiencing labour shortages. This report explores various approaches to identifying labour shortages and maps national policy debates around the issue. It documents public and social partner

20 July 2021
Publication
Research report
Skills and training
Unemployment
Employment structure
European Green Deal
European Pillar of Social Rights
Užimtumas ir darbo rinkos
COVID-19
Labour market policies
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Working conditions in sectors

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective

05 November 2020
Publication
Research report
Employee representation
Employment structure
Health and well-being at work
Job quality
Non-standard employment
Skills and training
Small and medium-sized enterprises
Work organisation
Working conditions
Working conditions and sustainable work
Online resources results (2)

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The outcome of the referendum on EU membership, the immediate impact of the vote to leave, the social partners’ reaction and the steel industry crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first

4 Rugpjūtis 2016
Article
Social protection
Employment structure
Social partners
Employment and labour markets
Industrial relations
Industrial relations and social dialogue

Sweden: Reports focus on disabled people in the labour market

26 Kovas 2015
Article
Labour market policies
Employment structure
Disability and chronic disease
Employment and labour markets
Social policies
Blogs results (12)
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Fewer routine jobs but more routine work

In the digital age, there are fewer routine jobs because of a higher risk of automation. But a great paradox of this age is this: workers in most types of jobs, including high-skilled ones, are reporting higher levels of routine at work. This emerges from a new study of the task content of

28 Rugsėjis 2016
Martina Bisello
Blog
Digitalisation
Employment structure
Employment and labour markets
Work organisation
Anticipating and managing the impact of change
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Current changes to the labour market may well define the future of Europe

Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Liepa 2016
Juan Menéndez-Valdés
Blog
Social policies
New forms of employment
Employment structure
Employment and labour markets
Upcoming publications results (1)

Regional employment change and the geography of telework in Europe

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report
Employment and labour markets
Employment structure
Digitalisation
Teleworking
COVID-19

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