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Employment structure

The employment structure reflects the change in employment across occupations and sectors, using various proxies of job quality. The current debate about shifts in the employment structure is focused on the extent to which observed patterns of job polarisation and upgrading have contributed to wage inequality trends and on Europe's shrinking middle class.

Topic

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European Restructuring Monitor

Since 2002, the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) has been monitoring the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events in Europe and covers the 27 EU Member States plus Norway.

Web page

Eurofound research

Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor (EJM) analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU, covering all Member States.

Read more about the EJM: Methodology, Key messages and Publications

Key outputs

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European Jobs Monitor (EJM)

The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives...

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Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas‑Soriano

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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Martina Bisello

​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (95)

The changing structure of employment in the EU: Annual review 2023

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024
Publication
Eurofound research paper
Employment and labour markets
Employment structure
Digitalisation
COVID-19

Pasākumi darbaspēka trūkuma novēršanai: Secinājumi turpmākajai politikai

Tā kā ekonomika no Covid-19 pandēmijas sāk atgūties, darbaspēka trūkums kļūst arvien acīmredzamāks, pat neraugoties uz Ukrainas kara ietekmi uz enerģijas un izejvielu cenām. Ietekmējošo faktoru vidū ir darbaspēka trūkums, ko krīze ir saasinājusi dažās nozarēs un profesijās, kurās tas jau kādu laiku

28 March 2023
Publication
Research report
Skills and training
Unemployment
Employment structure
European Green Deal
Nodarbinātība un darba tirgi
COVID-19
Digitālais laikmets: iespējas un izaicinājumi darbam un nodarbinātībai
Labour market policies
Just transition
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Atgūšanās no Covid-19: nodarbinātības struktūras izmaiņas ES

Eiropas darba tirgi ir lielā mērā atguvušies no Covid-19. Līdz 2021. gada beigām nedaudz vairāk kā 18 mēnešus pēc pandēmijas sākuma nodarbinātības līmenis ES bija gandrīz pirmskrīzes līmenī. Šajā ziņojumā ir apkopotas norises darba tirgū 2020. un 2021. gadā, izmantojot ES darbaspēka apsekojuma

20 October 2022
Publication
Research report
Structural change
Tāldarbs
Employment structure
Dzimumu līdztiesība
Nodarbinātība un darba tirgi
COVID-19
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Covid-19 pandēmija un dzimumu pienākumu sadalījums darbā un mājās

Covid-19 pandēmija ir izgaismojusi nelīdztiesību daudzās Eiropas sabiedrības dimensijās, tostarp nevienlīdzību starp sievietēm un vīriešiem vairākās svarīgās jomās. Šajā ziņojumā aplūkota dzimumu nelīdztiesība, kas pastāvēja pirms Covid-19 krīzes, un aprakstīts, kādā veidā pandēmija ir ietekmējusi

13 October 2022
Publication
Research report
Subjective well-being
Darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvars
Employment structure
European Pillar of Social Rights
Dzimumu līdztiesība
Care
COVID-19
Living conditions
Dzīves apstākļi un dzīves kvalitāte
Inequality
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Digitālais laikmets — automatizācijas, digitalizācijas un platformu ietekme uz darbu un nodarbinātību

Tehnoloģiskās pārmaiņas paātrinās, jo palielinās elektronisko ierīču spēja digitāli uzglabāt, apstrādāt un paziņot informāciju. Digitalizācija pārveido ES ekonomiku un darba tirgus — gandrīz viena trešdaļa ES darbvietu ir klasificētas kā ļoti digitalizētas. Kā digitālā revolūcija ietekmē

15 December 2021
Publication
Flagship report
Jauni nodarbinātības veidi
Platform work
Employment structure
Employment relationship
Nodarbinātība un darba tirgi
Pārmaiņu ietekmes paredzēšana un pārvaldība
Digitālais laikmets: iespējas un izaicinājumi darbam un nodarbinātībai
Job creation
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2021. gada pārskats par Eiropas darbvietām: dzimumu nevienlīdzība un nodarbinātības struktūra

Viena no pārsteidzošākajām norisēm pēdējos 50 gados ir bijis ārkārtīgais sieviešu īpatsvara pieaugums darba tirgū. Divas trešdaļas no pēdējās divās desmitgadēs ES izveidoto darbvietu neto skaita aizņem sievietes. Tai pašā laikā sabiedrības novecošanas un politisko pārmaiņu radītais krasais vecāku

14 December 2021
Publication
Research report
Darba samaksa un ienākumi
Employment structure
European Pillar of Social Rights
Dzimumu līdztiesība
Nodarbinātība un darba tirgi
Darbaspēka novecošana
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Understanding the gender pay gap: What role do sector and occupation play?

Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the

14 December 2021
Publication
Policy brief
Pay and income
Working conditions
Employment structure
Gender equality
Employment and labour markets
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Nesenie notikumi COVID-19 izolācija un pārmaiņas darba tirgū

Covid-19 pandēmija 2020. gadā slēdza vai ierobežoja daudzas saimnieciskās darbības ar tālejošu ietekmi uz darba tirgu. Nodarbinātības samazināšanās pandēmijas sākumā bija straujāka nekā globālās finanšu krīzes laikā. Vēl vairāk nostrādāto stundu skaits samazinājās valsts atbalstītās darbinieku

19 October 2021
Publication
Research report
Darba laiks
Tāldarbs
Employment structure
Nodarbinātība un darba tirgi
COVID-19
Labour market policies
Just transition
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Darbaspēka trūkuma novēršana ES dalībvalstīs

While unemployment is still a huge challenge in Europe, some countries, sectors and occupations are experiencing labour shortages. This report explores various approaches to identifying labour shortages and maps national policy debates around the issue. It documents public and social partner

20 July 2021
Publication
Research report
Skills and training
Unemployment
Employment structure
European Green Deal
European Pillar of Social Rights
Nodarbinātība un darba tirgi
COVID-19
Labour market policies
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Working conditions in sectors

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective

05 November 2020
Publication
Research report
Employee representation
Employment structure
Health and well-being at work
Job quality
Non-standard employment
Skills and training
Small and medium-sized enterprises
Work organisation
Working conditions
Working conditions and sustainable work
Online resources results (2)

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The outcome of the referendum on EU membership, the immediate impact of the vote to leave, the social partners’ reaction and the steel industry crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first

4 Augusts 2016
Article
Social protection
Employment structure
Social partners
Employment and labour markets
Industrial relations
Industrial relations and social dialogue

Sweden: Reports focus on disabled people in the labour market

26 Marts 2015
Article
Labour market policies
Employment structure
Disability and chronic disease
Employment and labour markets
Social policies
Blogs results (12)
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Fewer routine jobs but more routine work

In the digital age, there are fewer routine jobs because of a higher risk of automation. But a great paradox of this age is this: workers in most types of jobs, including high-skilled ones, are reporting higher levels of routine at work. This emerges from a new study of the task content of

28 Septembris 2016
Martina Bisello
Blog
Digitalisation
Employment structure
Employment and labour markets
Work organisation
Anticipating and managing the impact of change
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Current changes to the labour market may well define the future of Europe

Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Jūlijs 2016
Juan Menéndez-Valdés
Blog
Social policies
New forms of employment
Employment structure
Employment and labour markets
Upcoming publications results (1)

Regional employment change and the geography of telework in Europe

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report
Employment and labour markets
Employment structure
Digitalisation
Teleworking
COVID-19

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