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Employment structure

The employment structure reflects the change in employment across occupations and sectors, using various proxies of job quality. The current debate about shifts in the employment structure is focused on the extent to which observed patterns of job polarisation and upgrading have contributed to wage inequality trends and on Europe's shrinking middle class.

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European Restructuring Monitor

Since 2002, the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) has been monitoring the employment impact of large-scale restructuring events in Europe and covers the 27 EU Member States plus Norway.

Web page

Eurofound research

Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor (EJM) analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU, covering all Member States.

Read more about the EJM: Methodology, Key messages and Publications

Key outputs

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European Jobs Monitor (EJM)

The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives...

Data Item

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas‑Soriano

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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Martina Bisello

​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (95)

The changing structure of employment in the EU: Annual review 2023

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024
Publication
Eurofound research paper
Employment and labour markets
Employment structure
Digitalisation
COVID-19

Meetmed tööjõupuuduse vähendamiseks: õppetunnid tulevase poliitika jaoks

Ajal, mil majandus hakkab COVID-19 pandeemiast taastuma, suureneb tööjõupuudus hoolimata Ukraina sõja mõjust energia- ja kaubahindadele. See hõlmab töötajate puudust teatud sektorites ja kutsealadel, kus see on juba mõnda aega esinenud, kuid mida kriis on veelgi süvendanud. Aruandes vaadeldakse

28 March 2023
Publication
Research report
Skills and training
Unemployment
Employment structure
European Green Deal
Tööhõive ja tööturud
COVID-19
Digiajastu töö ja töövormide väljavaated ning probleemid
Labour market policies
Just transition
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COVID-19 pandeemiast taastumine: ELi tööhõive struktuuri muutumine

Euroopa tööjõuturud on hästi taastunud COVID-19 pandeemiast. 2021. aasta lõpuks, s.o veidi enam kui 18 kuud pärast pandeemia algust, olid tööhõivemäärad ELis peaaegu kriisieelsel tasemel. Aruandes on kokkuvõte tööjõuturu arengutest aastatel 2020 ja 2021, kasutades ELi tööjõu-uuringu kvartaliandmeid

20 October 2022
Publication
Research report
Structural change
Kaugtöö
Employment structure
Sooline võrdõiguslikkus
Tööhõive ja tööturud
COVID-19
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COVID-19 pandeemia ning sooline lõhe tööl ja kodus

COVID-19 pandeemia on rõhutanud ebavõrdsust Euroopa ühiskondade mitmes mõõtmes, sh naiste ja meeste ebavõrdsust mitmes põhivaldkonnas. Käesolev aruanne vaatleb enne COVID-19 kriisi olemas olnud soolist ebavõrdsust ja kirjeldab, kuidas on pandeemia mõjutanud soolisi lõhesid. Aruandes analüüsitakse ka

13 October 2022
Publication
Research report
Subjective well-being
Töö- ja eraelu tasakaal
Employment structure
European Pillar of Social Rights
Sooline võrdõiguslikkus
Care
COVID-19
Living conditions
Elamistingimused ja elukvaliteet
Inequality
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Digiajastu: automatiseerimise, digitaliseerimise ja platvormide mõju tööle ja tööhõivele

Tehnika muutumine kiireneb, sest elektroonikaseadmed suudavad talletada, töödelda ja edastada üha rohkem teavet. Digitaliseerimine on muutmas ELi majandust ja tööturgu: peaaegu kolmandik ELi töökohtadest on liigitatud väga digitaliseeritud töökohtadeks. Mis on digitaalse revolutsiooni tagajärjed

15 December 2021
Publication
Flagship report
Uued tööhõivevormid
Platform work
Employment structure
Employment relationship
Tööhõive ja tööturud
Muutuste mõju ennetamine ja juhtimine
Digiajastu töö ja töövormide väljavaated ning probleemid
Job creation
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Euroopa töökohtade uuring 2021: Soolised erinevused ja tööhõivestruktuur

Viimase poole sajandi üks silmatorkavamaid arenguid on olnud naiste tööturul osalemise tohutu kasv. Viimase kahe aastakümne jooksul ELis loodud kolmest uuest töökohast kaks said endale naised. Samal ajal on elanikkonna vananemisest ja poliitilistest muudatustest tingitud järsult kasvav tööhõive määr

14 December 2021
Publication
Research report
Töötasu ja sissetulek
Employment structure
European Pillar of Social Rights
Sooline võrdõiguslikkus
Tööhõive ja tööturud
Vananev tööjõud
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Understanding the gender pay gap: What role do sector and occupation play?

Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the

14 December 2021
Publication
Policy brief
Pay and income
Working conditions
Employment structure
Gender equality
Employment and labour markets
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Mis just juhtus? COVID-19 liikumispiirangud ja muutused tööturul

COVID-19 pandeemia sulges või piiras paljusid majandustegevusalasid 2020. aastal, millel on tööturule kaugeleulatuv mõju. Pandeemia alguses vähenes tööhõive järsemalt kui ülemaailmse finantskriisi ajal. Veelgi suurem töötundide vähenemine tulenes töötajate ulatuslikust riigi toetatud sundpuhkusele

19 October 2021
Publication
Research report
Tööaeg
Kaugtöö
Employment structure
Tööhõive ja tööturud
COVID-19
Labour market policies
Just transition
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ELi liikmesriikides tööjõupuuduse probleemi leevendamine

While unemployment is still a huge challenge in Europe, some countries, sectors and occupations are experiencing labour shortages. This report explores various approaches to identifying labour shortages and maps national policy debates around the issue. It documents public and social partner

20 July 2021
Publication
Research report
Skills and training
Unemployment
Employment structure
European Green Deal
European Pillar of Social Rights
Tööhõive ja tööturud
COVID-19
Labour market policies
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Working conditions in sectors

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective

05 November 2020
Publication
Research report
Employee representation
Employment structure
Health and well-being at work
Job quality
Non-standard employment
Skills and training
Small and medium-sized enterprises
Work organisation
Working conditions
Working conditions and sustainable work
Online resources results (2)

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The outcome of the referendum on EU membership, the immediate impact of the vote to leave, the social partners’ reaction and the steel industry crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first

4 august 2016
Article
Social protection
Employment structure
Social partners
Employment and labour markets
Industrial relations
Industrial relations and social dialogue

Sweden: Reports focus on disabled people in the labour market

26 märts 2015
Article
Labour market policies
Employment structure
Disability and chronic disease
Employment and labour markets
Social policies
Blogs results (12)
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Fewer routine jobs but more routine work

In the digital age, there are fewer routine jobs because of a higher risk of automation. But a great paradox of this age is this: workers in most types of jobs, including high-skilled ones, are reporting higher levels of routine at work. This emerges from a new study of the task content of

28 september 2016
Martina Bisello
Blog
Digitalisation
Employment structure
Employment and labour markets
Work organisation
Anticipating and managing the impact of change
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Current changes to the labour market may well define the future of Europe

Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 juuli 2016
Juan Menéndez-Valdés
Blog
Social policies
New forms of employment
Employment structure
Employment and labour markets
Upcoming publications results (1)

Regional employment change and the geography of telework in Europe

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report
Employment and labour markets
Employment structure
Digitalisation
Teleworking
COVID-19

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