Skip to main content
Shutterstock image of young couple reviewing their finances

Plače in dohodki

Plače in dohodki so ključnega pomena za odnose med delodajalci in delojemalci ter kakovost življenja. To vprašanje je na ravni EU deležno še večje pozornosti zaradi sprememb v gospodarstvu in družbi na splošno, ki jih je povzročila kriza.

Topic

Recent updates

ef22064_card_cover.png

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Januar 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Evropski steber socialnih pravic določa zaveze EU glede plač: pravico delavcev do pravičnih plač, ki zagotavljajo dostojen življenjski standard, zagotavljanje primerne minimalne plače ter preprečevanje revščine zaposlenih.

Delo Eurofounda

Eurofound redno poroča o različnih vidikih plač in dohodkov glede na spreminjajoče se gospodarske razmere v Evropi.

Spremljanje plač

Eurofound prek Evropske opazovalnice delovnega življenja (EurWORK) zbira različne informacije o plačah. Redno poročanje zagotavlja obsežnejše ugotovitve o plačah, določenih s kolektivnimi pogodbami, kar omogoča spremljanje trendov. Eurofound redno objavlja aktualne informacije o zakonsko določenih minimalnih plačah in plačah, določenih s kolektivnimi pogodbami. Poleg tega spremlja razvoj na nacionalni ravni v zvezi z mehanizmi določanja plač, enakim plačilom, variabilnim delom plače, nizkimi plačami in razlikami v plačilu med spoloma.

Profili držav glede delovnega življenja vsebujejo informacije o plačah na nacionalni ravni in se redno posodabljajo. EurWORK vzdržuje dve zbirki podatkov o plačah (glej vire v nadaljevanju).

Eurofoundov evropski center za spremljanje delovnih mest (EJM) ocenjuje spremembe v zaposlovanju po delovnih mestih v skladu z različnimi kvalitativnimi ukrepi, vključno s plačo. Zlasti prispeva k našemu poznavanju pojava polarizacije zaposlovanja – obseg, v katerem bo rast zaposlovanja verjetno večja na vrhu in dnu porazdelitve plač kot na sredini.

Podatki iz raziskave

V okviru Eurofoundovih raziskav se spremljajo tudi plačilni pogoji v EU. Plače so v središču Eurofoundovih raziskav pri ocenjevanju kakovosti delovnih mest. V evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so plače eden od sedmih kazalnikov kakovosti delovnih mest. V raziskavi je omenjena tudi razlika v plačilu med spoloma. Spoznajte interaktivno orodje za ponazoritev podatkov iz raziskav EWCS.

V okviru evropske raziskave o kakovosti življenja (EQLS) se spremljajo vpliv dohodka na življenjske standarde in povezave med neenakostjo dohodkov ter socialno kohezijo in dobrim počutjem. Analizira vpliv krize na družine, pri čemer se upoštevajo družine z nizkimi dohodki, zadolženost gospodinjstev in skupine, ki jim grozi revščina. V okviru raziskave EQLS se zbirajo tudi informacije o dohodkih v pokoju in možnostih za podaljšanje delovne dobe. Spoznajte interaktivno orodje za ponazoritev podatkov iz raziskav EQLS.

V evropski raziskavi podjetij (ECS) sta zajeta uporaba sistemov variabilnega dela plač v organizacijah in vključenost zaposlenih v take organizacije na podlagi kolektivnih pogodb o plačah. Raziskava omogoča povezavo informacij o variabilnem delu plač in pogajanjih o plačah z informacijami o organizaciji dela, upravljanju človeških virov, neposredni udeležbi zaposlenih in socialnem dialogu, pa tudi z uspešnostjo in dobrim počutjem na delovnem mestu.

Key outputs

ef23019_card_cover.png

Letni pregled minimalnih plač za leto 2023 je bil pripravljen v okoliščinah inflacije, kakršnih doslej v Evropi še ni bilo. To je v številnih državah povzročilo močno zvišanje stopenj nominalnih...

29 Junij 2023
Publication
Research report
ef22002_card_cover.png

Pandemija covida-19 je različno vplivala na družbene skupine, odvisno od obstoječih pomanjkljivosti, zato je bilo splošno prepričanje, da je povzročila povečanje neenakosti na različnih področjih življenja. To poročilo z uporabo...

24 Januar 2023
Publication
Research report
ef20034en_card_cover.png

V tem poročilu je preučena porazdelitev premoženja med gospodinjstvi v državah članicah EU in analiziran pomen premoženja za družbeno gibljivost. Uporabljeni so podatki iz treh naborov (raziskave o finančnih sredstvih...

30 Marec 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

christine-aumayr-2023.png

Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
caros-vacas-2023.png

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Seniority systems – schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases – have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and

17 April 2019

This short report examines the projected structural change for the wage and task structure of employment in EU Member States, up to 2030, using the framework developed in Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor.

17 December 2018

A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have emerged in a small number of mainly English-speaking countries, including the UK and Ireland. These initiatives have

30 November 2018

This report examines the development of collectively agreed pay in conjunction with the development of actual compensation (‘wages’) and labour productivity in real terms. It applies both a longer-term perspective (the early 2000s to 2017) and a short-term perspective, with a focus on the outcomes

10 October 2018

Eurofound has a considerable body of research findings looking at how salary levels are set in EU Member States. This report looks at the mechanisms used to determine statutory minimum wages, the use of variable pay schemes in companies in the EU, and national systems of supplementary pay.

27 March 2018
Publication
Customised report

In light of the limited action in many Member States to introduce or review gender pay transparency instruments as recommended, in November 2017 the European Commission announced the possible need for further targeted measures at EU level. This report reviews experiences in four Member States –

07 February 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors

06 February 2018

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway.

25 September 2017

This article discusses developments in collectively agreed wages in the European Union in 2016, putting them into the perspective of developments over the past 15 years. The tendency for growth in both nominal and real collectively agreed wages from 2015 continued. In two countries (Belgium and

25 July 2017

This EurWORK topical update summarises the views of European and national-level stakeholders on recent debates on implementing the principle of ‘equal pay’ for posted workers. Directive 96/71/EC foresees that posted workers must be granted the minimum standards of employment conditions applicable in

18 July 2017

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 Marec 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Image of young women placing an order to a waiter in a cafe

Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

ef23050.png

Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

image_article_minimum_wage_ef23051.png

Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

image_news_item_20012023.png

Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Oktober 2022
ef22067.png

First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)
image_blog_gender_pay_reports_06112020.png

Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 November 2020
main_image_blog_ef20039.png

As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Januar 2020
image_1_blog_spanish_min_wage_17072019.png

The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 Julij 2019
seniority-based-entitlements-blog.jpg

Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 April 2019
image_blog_pay_transparency_05022019.jpg

One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 Februar 2019
image1_german_minimum_wage_blog_14062018.png

Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 Junij 2018
image2_for_blog_28022018.jpg

Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 Februar 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to

3 November 2017
eoyrap65dz5heuqbikrg.jpg

The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries

23 Junij 2017
jov8sv3dz5pxlfx7hgwf.png

EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 Marec 2017

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.