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Płaca i dochód

Płaca i dochód to kluczowe elementy stosunków pracy i jakości życia. Kwestii tej poświęcono jeszcze więcej uwagi na poziomie UE ze względu na zmiany spowodowane kryzysem w gospodarce i całym społeczeństwie.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Styczeń 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Europejski filar praw społecznych określa zobowiązania UE w zakresie wynagrodzeń: prawo pracowników do sprawiedliwych wynagrodzeń, które zapewniają godny poziom życia; zapewnienie odpowiednich płac minimalnych; zapobieganie ubóstwu pracujących.

Działalność Eurofound

Eurofound regularnie sporządza sprawozdania na temat różnych aspektów płacy i dochodu w świetle zmieniających się warunków gospodarczych w całej Europie.

Monitorowanie płac

Dzięki Europejskiemu Obserwatorium Życia Zawodowego (EurWORK) Eurofound gromadzi szereg informacji na temat płac. Regularny charakter sprawozdawczości umożliwia uzyskiwanie dłuższych serii spostrzeżeń na temat płac uzgodnionych w drodze układów zbiorowych, dzięki czemu możliwe jest monitorowanie tendencji. Eurofound regularnie publikuje aktualizacje tematyczne dotyczące ustawowych plac minimalnych i płac uzgodnionych w drodze układów zbiorowych. Monitoruje również zmiany na szczeblu krajowym w odniesieniu do mechanizmów ustalania wynagrodzenia, równości wynagrodzenia, zmiennego poziomu wynagrodzenia, niskiego wynagrodzenia i zróżnicowania wynagrodzenia ze względu na płeć.

Krajowe profile życia zawodowego zawierają informacje na temat płac na szczeblu krajowym i są regularnie aktualizowane. Eurofound prowadzi dwie bazy danych dotyczących płac (zob. źródła poniżej).

Europejski Monitor Zatrudnienia Eurofound (EJM) dokonuje oceny zmian w zatrudnieniu według zawodu, zgodnie z różnymi pomiarami jakościowymi, w tym płacami. W szczególności wnosi swój wkład w naszą wiedzę na temat zjawiska polaryzacji zatrudnienia, czyli zakresu, w jakim wzrost zatrudnienia prawdopodobnie będzie większy w górnej i dolnej części rozkładu wynagrodzenia niż pośrodku.

Dane z badań

W ramach badań prowadzonych przez Eurofound monitorowane są również warunki płac w UE. Płace są kluczowym elementem badań oceniających jakość pracy przeprowadzanych przez Eurofound.W europejskim badaniu warunków pracy (EWCS) zarobki są jednym z siedmiu wskaźników jakości pracy. EWCS obejmuje również informacje na temat zróżnicowania wynagrodzenia ze względu na płeć. Zapoznaj się z interaktywnym narzędziem do wizualizacji danych EWCS.

Europejskie badanie jakości życia (EQLS) umożliwia monitorowanie wpływu dochodu na poziom życia oraz sposób, w jaki nierówności dochodowe są powiązane ze spójnością społeczną i samopoczuciem. Daje możliwość przeanalizowania sposobu, w jaki kryzys wpłynął na rodziny w przypadku rodzin o niskim dochodzie, zadłużenia gospodarstw domowych i grup zagrożonych ubóstwem. EQLS umożliwia również gromadzenie informacji na temat dochodu po przejściu na emeryturę i możliwościach wydłużenia życia zawodowego. Zapoznaj się z interaktywnym narzędziem do wizualizacji danych EQLS.

W ramach europejskiego badania przedsiębiorstw (ECS) przedstawiono wykorzystanie zmiennych systemów wynagrodzeń w zakładach, jak również objęcie pracowników tych przedsiębiorstw układami zbiorowymi dotyczącymi wynagrodzeń. Badanie pozwala powiązać informacje na temat zmiennego poziomu wynagrodzenia i negocjacji płacowych z informacjami na temat organizacji pracy, zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, bezpośredniej partycypacji pracowników i dialogu społecznego, jak również z wydajnością i samopoczuciem w miejscu pracy.

Key outputs

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Roczny przegląd płac minimalnych w 2023 r. przygotowano w kontekście bezprecedensowej inflacji w całej Europie. Chociaż w wielu państwach inflacja doprowadziła do gwałtownego wzrostu nominalnych stawek płac, w wielu przypadkach...

29 Czerwiec 2023
Publication
Research report
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W niniejszym sprawozdaniu zbadano kwestię podziału bogactwa gospodarstw domowych w państwach członkowskich i przeanalizowano rolę bogactwa w mobilności społecznej. Na podstawie danych z trzech zbiorów danych [badanie na temat finansów...

30 Marzec 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Seniority systems – schemes that allot improving employment rights or benefits to employees as their length of employment increases – have not been widely studied. This report provides the first comprehensive study comparing the design and spread of seniority-based entitlements (SBEs) in Europe and

17 April 2019

This short report examines the projected structural change for the wage and task structure of employment in EU Member States, up to 2030, using the framework developed in Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor.

17 December 2018

A living wage has been defined as a measure of income that allows an employee a basic but socially acceptable standard of living. In recent decades, living wage initiatives have emerged in a small number of mainly English-speaking countries, including the UK and Ireland. These initiatives have

30 November 2018

This report examines the development of collectively agreed pay in conjunction with the development of actual compensation (‘wages’) and labour productivity in real terms. It applies both a longer-term perspective (the early 2000s to 2017) and a short-term perspective, with a focus on the outcomes

10 October 2018

Eurofound has a considerable body of research findings looking at how salary levels are set in EU Member States. This report looks at the mechanisms used to determine statutory minimum wages, the use of variable pay schemes in companies in the EU, and national systems of supplementary pay.

27 March 2018
Publication
Customised report

In light of the limited action in many Member States to introduce or review gender pay transparency instruments as recommended, in November 2017 the European Commission announced the possible need for further targeted measures at EU level. This report reviews experiences in four Member States –

07 February 2018

The term ‘minimum wage’ refers to the various legal restrictions governing the lowest rate payable by employers to workers, regulated by formal laws or statutes. This report provides information on statutory minimum wages that are generally applicable in a country and not limited to specific sectors

06 February 2018

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway.

25 September 2017

This article discusses developments in collectively agreed wages in the European Union in 2016, putting them into the perspective of developments over the past 15 years. The tendency for growth in both nominal and real collectively agreed wages from 2015 continued. In two countries (Belgium and

25 July 2017

This EurWORK topical update summarises the views of European and national-level stakeholders on recent debates on implementing the principle of ‘equal pay’ for posted workers. Directive 96/71/EC foresees that posted workers must be granted the minimum standards of employment conditions applicable in

18 July 2017

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 Marzec 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Październik 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 Listopad 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Styczeń 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 Lipiec 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 Kwiecień 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 Czerwiec 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to

3 Listopad 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries

23 Czerwiec 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 Marzec 2017

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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