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Lön och inkomst

Lön och inkomst har en avgörande betydelse för anställningsförhållanden och livskvalitet. Frågan har fått ännu mer uppmärksamhet på EU-nivå på grund av krisens ekonomiska följder, och i samhället överlag.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter anger EU:s åtaganden när det gäller löner: arbetstagarnas rätt till rättvisa löner som tillåter en skälig levnadsstandard; tillräckliga minimilöner; motverka fattigdom bland förvärvsarbetande.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound rapporterar regelbundet om olika aspekter gällande lön och inkomst mot bakgrund av de skiftande ekonomiska omständigheterna runt om i Europa.

Löneövervakning

Genom sitt europeiska centrum för övervakning av arbetslivet (EurWORK) sammanställer Eurofound en mängd information om löner. Den regelbundna rapporteringen genererar en längre serie observationer om lön enligt kollektivavtal, så att trender kan övervakas. Eurofound publicerar regelbundet uppdateringar om lagstadgad minimilön och lön enligt kollektivavtal. Eurofound övervakar även utvecklingen på nationell nivå när det gäller lönesättningsmekanismer, lika lön, rörlig lön, låg lön och lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män.

De arbetslivsrelaterade landsprofilerna innehåller information om löner på nationell nivå och uppdateras regelbundet. EurWORK sköter två databaser med löneuppgifter (se resurserna nedan).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) bedömer förändringar i sysselsättningen per jobb, enligt flera olika kvalitativa mätningar, bland annat lön. Övervakningsfunktionen bidrar i synnerhet till vår kunskap om fenomenet sysselsättningspolarisering – alltså att sysselsättningstillväxten sannolikt är större högst upp och längst ner i lönefördelningen än i mitten.

Data från undersökningar

I Eurofounds undersökningar övervakas också lönevillkoren inom EU. Lön är avgörande för Eurofounds forskning om att bedöma kvalitet i arbetet. I den europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) är inkomst en av sju indikatorer på kvalitet i arbetet. I EWCS rapporterar man också om lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män. Utforska EWCS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

I undersökningen av livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) övervakas hur inkomst påverkar levnadsstandarden och hur inkomstskillnader har en koppling till social sammanhållning och välmående. I undersökningen analyseras det hur krisen har påverkat familjer, genom att titta på låginkomstfamiljer, hushållsskuld och grupper som riskerar att drabbas av fattigdom. I EQLS samlas även information om inkomst vid pension och alternativ för att förlänga arbetslivet. Utforska EQLS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

Europeiska företagsundersökningen (ECS) behandlar användningen av system med rörlig lön vid företag, liksom andelen anställda vid dessa företag vars lön styrs av kollektivavtal. Undersökningen gör det möjligt att koppla ihop informationen om rörlig lön och löneförhandlingar med information om arbetsorganisation, personalförvaltning, direkt deltagande av anställda och social dialog, samt med resultat och välmående på arbetsplatsen.

Key outputs

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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Den här rapporten innehåller en undersökning av fördelningen av hushållsförmögenheten i EU:s medlemsstater och en analys av förmögenhetens roll för den sociala rörligheten. Rapporten bygger på data från tre datauppsättningar...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This report addresses growing concerns about income inequalities in academic and policy debates by offering a comprehensive study of income inequalities during the years of the Great Recession starting in 2008–2009 (income data relating to 2004–2013). It has the twofold objective of adopting an EU

13 March 2017

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, a generally applicable statutory minimum wage exists; the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels, how the minimum wage has been determined for 2017 and minimum wage

09 February 2017

Teachers across Europe have been protesting about their working conditions. Pay levels and pay inequalities, working time and workload, recruitment procedures and staffing at schools have been the main focus of social dialogue and collective action. Several of the reported cases are set in the

09 January 2017

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the financial services sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the transport sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the commerce and hospitality sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the construction sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the health sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes all

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the education sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the public administration and defence sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS

22 December 2016

Online resources results (888)

Substantial wage increases and a new bargaining situation for the medical profession

As a result of the 1996 wage settlement, medical physicians employed at Norwegian hospitals gained substantial wage increases. These increases can in part be explained by an increase in basic wages, and in part by prolonging weekly working hours through permitting more overtime and at the same time

Wage dispersion grows due to higher educational levels

A new study by Dublin's Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) - "Earnings distribution and returns to education in Ireland, 1987-94", Alan Barrett, Tim Callen and Brian Nolan, ESRI Working Paper 85, June 1997- shows that there has been a higher degree of wage dispersion than might have been

Continuity and change in Belgian occupational classification

To justify pay differentials between occupations, the Belgian social partners have long been content with lists of jobs which were classified relatively arbitrarily according to their apparent complexity. In many sectors, such as building, the rule in most firms is to transpose the occupational

Survey argues that UK employees are better off than their European neighbours

A combination of falling unemployment and soaring corporate profit has still not generated demands from UK workers for a round of substantial pay increases. The annual rate of growth of average earnings fell slightly from 4.5% in April 1997 to 4.25% in both May and June, according to the latest

Committee appointed to assess the July 1993 tripartite agreement

In September 1997, the Italian Prime Minister appointed a committee to assess the operation of the tripartite central agreement on incomes policy and the structure of collective bargaining, among other issues, signed in July 1993. This article reviews the agreement's contents and its implementation.

The erosion of employers' associations and industry-level bargaining in eastern Germany

The German "model" of industrial relations is often characterised by its encompassing organisations on both sides of the labour market and its relatively centralised industry-level collective bargaining system.

New proposals to modernise German industrial relations

On 1 August 1997 the German Machinery and Plant Manufacturers' Association (Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagebau, VDMA) and the Bavarian regional organisation of the German metalworkers' union, IG Metall, presented a jointly elaborated paper entitled /For competitiveness and employment/ (Für

Hospital administration and working conditions reform proposed

A public debate has begun in Portugal about the privatisation of public hospitals. Medical, paramedical and nursing unions have reacted largely negatively to proposed changes in the regulation of industrial relations, employment contracts and working conditions, and strikes were due in August

Wage trends in Spain analysed

In Spain, where wage costs have grown far less than productivity, pay restraint has been the trend. This feature examines trends in real unit labour costs, real pay and pay differentials across the Spanish economy over the last 15 years.

A summer of discontent?

The two disputes at British Airways (UK9706137N [1]) - one involving catering staff and the other cabin crew - have been among a number to have occurred this summer (UK9707144F [2]). Notable among the others have been those at: Barclays, involving staff in the retail bank (UK9707147N [3]); BT, where


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 maj 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 januari 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 augusti 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 april 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 februari 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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