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Arbeidsomstandigheden en duurzaam werk

Arbeidsomstandigheden en duurzaam werk vormen een van de zes hoofdactiviteiten in het werkprogramma van Eurofound voor de periode 2021-2024. Eurofound zal blijven fungeren als kenniscentrum voor het monitoren en analyseren van ontwikkelingen op dit gebied. Zo zal onder meer worden gekeken welke gevolgen de COVID-19 -crisis heeft voor de arbeidsomstandigheden en de arbeidskwaliteit evenals op praktijken op de werkvloer.

Gedurende de periode 2021-2024 zal Eurofound belangrijke inzichten verschaffen in de uitdagingen en vooruitzichten op het gebied van arbeidsomstandigheden en duurzaam werk in de EU. Op basis van gedegen expertise op dit gebied zal Eurofound de ontwikkelingen en gemaakte vorderingen in de loop van de tijd volgen en punten van zorg rond arbeidsomstandigheden en arbeidskwaliteit benoemen. De analyse bestrijkt verschillende landen, sectoren, beroepen en groepen werknemers en stelt kwesties aan de orde als werkorganisatieen telewerken, arbeidstijd, evenwicht tussen werk en privéleven , gelijke behandeling, gezondheid en welzijn op de werkvloer, vaardigheden en opleiding, inkomen en vooruitzichten en tevredenheid met het werk. Er wordt specifiek aandacht besteed aan atypisch werk , met name werk als zelfstandige.

Gezien de demografische uitdaging van de vergrijzing van de bevolking in de EU en de toenemende diversiteit van het arbeidsleven zal Eurofound blijven onderzoeken welke factoren ertoe bijdragen dat meer werknemers langer kunnen blijven werken. Tevens zal Eurofound zich richten op het verbeteren van de arbeidskwaliteit als manier om de arbeidsmarktparticipatie en motivatie van werknemers te stimuleren en zo duurzaam werk gedurende de hele levensloop te bevorderen.

Het verband tussen werk en gezondheid wordt onderzocht in nauw overleg met het Europees Agentschap voor veiligheid en gezondheid op het werk (EU-OSHA). Eurofound stelt zich ten doel voort te bouwen op zijn samenwerking met de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie (ILO) aangaande kwesties rond de toekomst van het werk en de arbeidsomstandigheden op mondiaal niveau.

“Over het geheel genomen hebben we goed nieuws, omdat de arbeidsomstandigheden in de Europese Unie verbeteren – zij het heel langzaam –, maar een punt van zorg is dat dit niet per se geldt voor alle groepen werknemers. De verbetering hangt in hoge mate af van de vraag in welke sector je werkt, van je opleidingsniveau en, om er geen doekjes om te winden, ook van de vraag of je man of vrouw bent.”

Barbara Gerstenberger, hoofd van de eenheid Arbeidsleven

Topic

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Belangrijke beleidspunten

Infographic 2021

De belangrijkste bevindingen uit het onderzoek van Eurofound dienen als input voor beleidsmakers om een aantal belangrijke kwesties op dit gebied te kunnen aanpakken.

  • Het werken aan betere arbeidsomstandigheden is voor werknemers en werkgevers van cruciaal belang. Met betrekking tot arbeidskwaliteit moeten tal van verschillende aspecten in aanmerking worden genomen. Kwalitatief hoogwaardige banen stellen mensen in staat langer en beter te werken en dragen bij aan duurzaam werk en een positieve balans tussen werk en privéleven.
  • De arbeidsomstandigheden in de EU worden over het algemeen beter, ook al is er sprake van geleidelijke vooruitgang. Voor sommige groepen werknemers verloopt de vooruitgang trager, afhankelijk van het type arbeidsovereenkomst, de sector en het opleidingsniveau.
  • De arbeidsomstandigheden en de arbeidskwaliteit in de EU kunnen op veel manieren worden verbeterd. Overheden kunnen door regelgeving zeker een belangrijke rol spelen bij het vaststellen van het kader. Maar ook voor werknemers, werkgevers en hun organisaties is een belangrijke rol weggelegd. Voor veel aspecten van arbeidskwaliteit is de werkvloer de plaats waar verandering plaatsvindt.
  • Slechts een vijfde van de Europese ondernemingen heeft het geheim ontdekt van de optimale combinatie van welzijn op de werkplek en bedrijfsresultaten. “High investment, high involvement”-werkplekken blijken voor werknemers en werkgevers de beste resultaten op te leveren. Dergelijke werkplekken stimuleren de prestaties en verbeteren de arbeidskwaliteit door werknemers autonomer te maken, betrokkenheid van werknemers te faciliteren en opleiding en leren te bevorderen.
  • Veel mensen, met name ouders en andere verzorgers, hebben moeite met het combineren van werk en verplichtingen buiten hun werk. Flexibele arbeidsregelingen kunnen helpen deze moeilijkheden te overwinnen, maar brengen ook weer uitdagingen met zich mee. Telewerk bijvoorbeeld biedt meer vrijheid om te kiezen wanneer en waar men werkt, maar kan ook leiden tot langere en intensievere werktijden en meer moeite om van het werk los te komen.
  • Door de toename van telewerk tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie is duidelijk geworden dat de grens tussen werk en privéleven vervaagt. Veel overheden en sociale partners bespreken initiatieven met betrekking tot het “recht op onbereikbaar zijn”, om te voorkomen dat grote groepen werknemers het risico lopen op fysieke en emotionele uitputting.
  • In de toekomst moeten de sociale partners ernaar streven dat in wetgevingskaders of overeenkomsten ten behoeve van werknemers bepalingen worden opgenomen aangaande de vrijwillige aard van telewerk of de geschiktheid van specifieke taken voor telewerken. Ook is het essentieel duidelijkheid te scheppen over hoe werkgevers kunnen bijdragen aan de aan het werken vanuit huis verbonden kosten, en garanties te bieden met betrekking tot gelijk loon en gelijke toegang tot opleiding voor mensen die op afstand werken.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (567)

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a diverse collection of workers ensured the functioning of our societies. In a time of crisis, they maintained access to healthcare, long-term care and other essential goods and services, including food, water, electricity, the internet and waste treatment.

10 October 2023

De term “hybride werken” werd algemeen bekend door de plotselinge toename van telewerken tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie, toen bedrijven en werknemers begonnen te bespreken op welke manieren het werk na de crisis kon worden georganiseerd. De term wordt steeds vaker gebruikt om situaties aan te duiden

25 May 2023

Het jaar 2022 begon met voorzichtig optimisme. Europa was na twee jaar COVID-19-pandemie weer aan het opkrabbelen met het herstelplan NextGenerationEU, dat moet helpen bouwen aan een sterke en duurzame toekomst. De Russische aanval op Oekraïne aan het begin van het jaar heeft de situatie echter

04 May 2023

In het verslag worden plausibele en denkbare scenario’s onderzocht waarin wordt nagegaan hoe telewerken en hybride werken in de EU zich tegen 2035 zouden kunnen ontwikkelen, en wat de gevolgen daarvan zijn voor de arbeidswereld. Hoe zijn managers en werknemers, werkgeversorganisaties en vakbonden

28 April 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

In dit verslag presenteert Eurofound zijn onderzoek naar telewerken tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie in 2020 en 2021. Er wordt gekeken naar veranderingen in het aantal telewerkers, de werkomstandigheden van thuiswerkende werknemers en veranderingen in de regelgeving met betrekking tot deze werkregeling

08 December 2022

Online resources results (1778)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 april 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 januari 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

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Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februari 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 november 2018
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 november 2018
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Few events challenge the equilibrium between work and life like the arrival of a child. As gender roles continue to change in Europe, supporting the uptake of paternity and parental leave among fathers is fundamental, not just to close the ‘caring gap’ between men and women, but also to provide the

11 oktober 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 juni 2018
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 juni 2018
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 juni 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 juni 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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