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Nya anställningsformer

Nya anställningsformer är samlingsnamnet för de alltmer diversifierade anställningsformer som vuxit fram och blivit allt viktigare under de senaste 20 åren. Vid sidan av de traditionella anställningsförhållandena finns nya arbetsformer som kännetecknas av att arbetsmönster, avtal, arbetsplatser samt arbetets varaktighet och tidsschema är föränderliga, liksom av en ökad användning av informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) eller en kombination av dessa. 

Topic

Recent updates

EU-sammanhang

De sociala, ekonomiska och tekniska förändringarna i Europa har gett upphov till nya anställningsformer i hela Europa. Covid-19-pandemin har även lett till en ökning vad gäller omfattningen av de nya anställningsformerna. Många av dessa skiljer sig mycket från ”traditionellt arbete”. De förändrar det traditionella förhållandet mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. De kännetecknas också av okonventionella arbetsmönster och arbetsplatser.

EU:s politiker är intresserade av hur dessa nya anställningsformer kan hjälpa till att bygga en mer motståndskraftig och inkluderande arbetsmarknad. Diskussionen kretsar även kring hur man kan säkerställa ett fullgott socialt skydd och anständiga arbetsvillkor. Ett mycket viktigt inslag i debatten är hur man kan undvika en situation där dessa nya anställningsformer är mindre gynnsamma för arbetstagarna än mer etablerade anställningsformer.

År 2017 tillkännagav Europeiska kommissionen, Europaparlamentet och Europeiska unionens råd den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter, som fastställer 20 grundprinciper som är nödvändiga för välfungerande arbetsmarknader. Den kompletterande handlingsplanen från 2021 framhäver att digitaliseringen, samt de förändringar som har skett runtom i världen på grund av pandemin, kräver en omfattande riktlinjedebatt som inte bara fokuserar på sysselsättningsgraden utan även på skäliga arbetsvillkor som grund för arbetstillfällen av hög kvalitet.

Europeiska kommissionen tog också upp frågan om arbetsvillkoren i sitt meddelande Att forma EU:s digitala framtid. Goda arbetsvillkor är nyckeln till en framgångsrik digital omvandling som främjar innovation och teknikspridning.

Eurofounds arbete om nya anställningsformer hänger samman med Europeiska kommissionens prioriteringar 2019–2024 för ett Europa rustat för den digitala tidsåldern.

Huvudbudskap

  • Traditionella anställningsformer dominerar fortfarande i Europa, men den europeiska arbetsmarknaden kännetecknas av alltmer diversifierade anställningsformer. 
  • Vissa nya anställningsformer förväntas fortsätta växa som en följd av den gröna och den digitala omställningen. Vissa nya anställningsformer kan dock påverkas negativt av effekterna av covid-19 på ekonomin och arbetsmarknaden.
  • Många nya anställningsformer har sin grund i behovet av flexibilitet för arbetsgivare, kunder eller arbetstagare. När nya anställningsformer utvecklas är det viktigt att säkerställa att denna flexibilitet inte försämrar arbetarskyddet.
  • Arbetstid, representation, liksom hälsa och säkerhet, behöver utredas för flera nya anställningsformer, inklusive IKT-baserat mobilt arbete, arbete via digitala plattformar, tillfällig anställning och voucherbaserat arbete.
  • För vissa nya anställningsformer kan arbetstagarnas oklara yrkesställning och anställningsförhållanden bidra till segmenteringen av arbetsmarknaden.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 december 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

För att fylla det befintliga kunskapsgapet har Eurofound sedan 2013 undersökt vad som kännetecknar de framväxande anställningsformerna i EU:s medlemsstater. I forskningen tittar man på följderna för arbetsvillkoren och arbetsmarknaden.

Kategoriseringen av nya anställningsformer

Eurofound utförde 2015 en Europaomfattande kartläggning för att identifiera framväxande trender. Denna kartläggning ledde till kategoriseringen av nio huvudtyper av anställningsformer som är nya eller som har blivit allt viktigare i EU:s medlemsstater sedan år 2000: personaldelning, arbetsdelning, voucherbaserat arbete, interimsstyrelse, tillfällig anställning, IKT-baserat mobilt arbete, arbete via digitala plattformar, portföljarbete och anställning på bemanningsföretag. Ett antal fallstudier, som utfördes som en del av studien, visar hur dessa nya anställningsformer fungerar i medlemsstaterna och hur de påverkar arbetsvillkoren och arbetsmarknaden.

År 2020 utförde Eurofound en uppföljningsgranskning av de nya anställningsformerna som följde upp vad gäller deras omfattning, tillämpningsområde och incidens, och denna granskning visade deras ökande relevans för arbetsmarknaderna i Europa.

Nya trender

Eurofound fortsätter att undersöka några av de nya trender som identifierats närmare. Under 2016 tittade forskarna i synnerhet på den goda potentialen hos strategisk personaldelning för såväl arbetsgivare som arbetstagare. År 2020 utfördes en studie som analyserade distansarbete och IKT-mobilt arbete (T/IKTM) och konsekvenserna av dessa arbetsformer vad gäller anställnings- och arbetsvillkoren.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

I denna rapport presenteras Eurofounds forskning om distansarbete under covid-19-pandemin 2020 och 2021. I rapporten undersöks förändringar i omfattningen av distansarbete, arbetsvillkoren för anställda som arbetar hemifrån och ändringar av bestämmelser som tar itu med frågor som rör denna

08 December 2022

Tekniska förändringar går allt snabbare i takt med att kapaciteten hos elektronisk utrustning att digitalt lagra, processa och förmedla information utökas. Digitaliseringen omvandlar EU:s ekonomi och arbetsmarknader: nästan en tredjedel av arbetsplatserna i EU kategoriseras som i hög grad

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 juli 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 mars 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 februari 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 december 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 januari 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 oktober 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 maj 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 november 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 juli 2016

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