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Mindstelønninger

Udtrykket "mindstelønninger" betegner forskellige lovbestemte grænser for, hvor lav en løn arbejdsgivere må betale arbejdstagere. Lovbestemte mindstelønninger reguleres af formelle love eller vedtægter. Overenskomstmæssige mindstelønninger fastsættes i overenskomster mellem fagforeninger og arbejdsgivere.

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EU-kontekst

Infografik

De fleste EU-medlemsstater har indført en lovbestemt national mindsteløn, men niveau, tilpasningsmekanismer og dækning er forskelligt. Østrig, Danmark, Finland, Italien og Sverige har mindstelønninger, der er fastsat i overenskomster, mens Cypern har lovbestemte satser for forskellige erhverv.

EU-institutionerne proklamerede i fællesskab den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder i november 2017, som fastsætter EU's forpligtelse til at arbejde for rimelige lønninger til arbejdstagere. Dette omfatter at sikre passende lønninger til arbejdstagere, der giver dem og deres familie mulighed for at have en rimelig levestandard og at sikre lavtuddannedes og unge arbejdstageres muligheder for at finde beskæftigelse, samtidig med at det gøres økonomisk attraktivt at arbejde.

Den nye Kommission, der tiltrådte i december 2019, gentog denne forpligtelse og satte et reforminitiativ om en EU-mindsteløn på dagsordenen. Kommissionens vision for et stærkt socialt Europa baner vej for en handlingsplan for gennemførelsen af den sociale søjle . Den 28. oktober 2020 fremsatte Kommissionen et forslag til et EU-direktiv om passende mindstelønninger efter to høringsrunder med arbejdsmarkedets parter i februar og juni. Målet er, at alle arbejdstagere i EU senest i 2024 skal have en rimelig og passende løn, uanset hvor de bor.

Eurofounds arbejde med mindstelønninger hænger sammen med Kommissionens prioritet for 2019-2024 om en økonomi, der tjener alle.

Hovedkonklusioner

· Kvinder er overrepræsenteret blandt modtagere af mindstelønninger i næsten alle medlemsstater, uanset hvordan modtagere af mindstelønninger defineres.

· Én ud af 10 arbejdstagere i EU tjente omkring mindstelønnen (± 10 %) i 2017.

· I 2019 var der mange EU-lande, der drøftede en yderligere væsentlig stigning i mindstelønnen efter 2020, dels i forhold til et relativt mål, dels i absolutte tal.

· De lovbestemte mindstelønninger er blevet mere rimelige i forhold til andre arbejdstageres lønninger siden begyndelsen af dette årtusind, når man sammenligner de lovbestemte mindstelønninger med medianlønnen for alle arbejdstagere.

· På trods af denne opadgående tendens ligger mindstelønnen i de fleste lande fortsat under 60 % eller endda under 50 % af medianlønnen. Dette gælder især i de central- og østeuropæiske medlemsstater, som startede på et meget lavt niveau i begyndelsen af årtusindet, og som fortsat har mål på omkring eller under 50 % i deres mindstelønslovgivning.

· Samlet set oplyser 7 ud af 10 arbejdstagere, der oppebærer mindsteløn, at det til en vis grad er vanskeligt at få enderne til at mødes, sammenlignet med mindre end 5 ud af 10 andre arbejdstagere. Disse tal varierer dog betydeligt på tværs af landene. F.eks. finder mindre end 10 % af arbejdstagerne på mindsteløn i Danmark, Finland, Tyskland og Sverige det vanskeligt til meget vanskeligt sammenlignet med 50 % til 60 % i Bulgarien, Kroatien og Cypern, og 80 % i Grækenland.

· Regeringerne i Europa reagerer med foranstaltninger til stabilisering af indkomster for dem, der er berørt af covid-19-krisen. Mindstelønninger kan spille en rolle i policy-mixet til stabilisering af indkomster og dermed bidrage til at modvirke en nedadgående spiral mod økonomisk tilbagegang eller økonomisk krise.

· Eurofounds EU PolicyWatch-database viser også, at regeringer ofte har henvist til de lovbestemte mindstelønninger, når de fastsætter øvre eller nedre tærskler for niveauet for indkomststøtte, f.eks. i forbindelse med arbejdsfordeling.

· Især sektorer og erhverv med en større andel af mindstelønsmodtagere er stærkt påvirket af covid-19-pandemien: Arbejdstagere i landbruget (15 % minimumslønmodtagere i sektoren og ca. 20 % inden for visse landbrugsjob), detailhandel (13 %) og rengøringspersonale og omsorgspersoner (25 %) er blandt dem, der holder et samfund i gang i en tid med fysisk afstand og nedlukning.

Andre sektorer og erhverv med en større andel af mindstelønsmodtagere — navnlig arbejdstagere inden for hotel- og restaurationsbranchen (16 %), kunst og kultur, underholdning, fritidsaktiviteter og husholdningsarbejde (14 %) og social- og sundhedsmedarbejdere (16 %) — var blandt de sektorer, der hurtigt oplevede virkningerne af de folkesundhedsmæssige foranstaltninger ved covid-19-pandemiens udbrud.

Eurofound research

Eurofound provides regular updates on pay in the EU, including an annual study on how minimum wage rates have developed across the EU (as well as Norway and the UK), reviewing how national governments and social partners engage in setting new rates. It also looks at the concept of a living wage, aimed at guaranteeing workers and their families a decent level of living and social participation in response to the inadequacy of income for many working households reliant on existing statutory minimum wage rates.

Pay developments

The annual review on minimum wages for 2023 summarises how minimum wage rates were set during 2022. 

In an earlier study on pay in Europe in the 21st century , Eurofound explored the implications of a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage coordinated at EU level and set at 60% of the median national wage.

Impact of COVID-19 for low-wage earners

COVID-19 is likely to impact the ongoing minimum wage debate, as many workers delivering essential services during the pandemic are at the bottom of the pay ladder, like workers in retail, food-supply chains or care roles. Others low-wage workers, like workers in the accommodation and food sector, or in leisure and entertainment services, have been the first affected by unemployment. With unemployment on the rise, it will be important to see how minimum wages can contribute to the policy mix governments and social partners are currently applying to cushion the economic and social impacts. Eurofound’s e-survey on Living, working and COVID-19 shows that nearly half of households are already struggling to make ends meet. Minimum wages could play a policy role in stabilising incomes.

Minimum wage versus living wage

Most EU countries have a statutory minimum wage. A related but distinct concept is that of a living wage, which is a wage designed to secure a basic but acceptable standard of living for its earner (and, in some cases, household dependents). The living wage rate is based on a detailed, regularly updated costing of the basic services and goods required for such a standard of living and is intended in part to reflect the inadequacy of prevailing statutory minima for that end. Living wage campaigns are generally voluntary and rely on coalitions of interest groups, trade unions and employers working together. These campaigns can take on an advocacy role (Ireland) as well as an accreditation role (UK) where organisations are formally accredited as living wage employers. In line with the fair wage provisions set out in the Social Pillar, Eurofound research aims to provide policymakers with a practical guide to the living wage concept.

EU context

Most EU Member States have a statutory national minimum wage in place, although its level, adjustment mechanisms and coverage vary. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy and Sweden have minimum wages set within collective agreements, while Cyprus has statutory rates for different occupations.

The EU institutions jointly proclaimed the European Pillar of Social Rights in November 2017, setting out the EU’s commitment to fair wages for workers. This includes ensuring adequate wages for workers to allow them and their families to have a decent standard of living, safeguarding the ability of the low-skilled and young workers to find employment, while also making work financially attractive. 

The new European Commission, which took office in December 2019, reiterated this commitment, putting a reform initiative for an EU minimum wage on the agenda. The Commission’s vision for a strong social Europe prepares the way for an Action Plan to implement the Social Pillar. On 28 October 2020, the Commission put forward a proposal for an EU Directive on adequate minimum wages. This was followed by a political agreement between the European Parliament and the Member States on 7 June 2022. The Minimum Wages Directive was adopted in October 2022. The aim is that by 2024 all workers in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live. 

Eurofound’s work on minimum wages links in with the Commission’s 2019–2024 priority on an economy that works for people. 

 

Key outputs

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januar 2024
Publication
Research report
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Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
minimumwage-card.jpg

This series reports on developments in minimum wage rates across the EU, including how they are set and how they have developed over time in nominal and real terms. The...

22 januar 2020

Igangværende arbejde

Eurofound udsender løbende opdateringer om lønninger i EU, herunder en årlig gennemgang af, hvordan mindstelønssatserne har udviklet sig i EU (samt Norge og Det Forenede Kongerige), og redegør for, hvordan nationale regeringer og arbejdsmarkedets parter arbejder med at fastsætte nye satser. Eurofound ser også på begrebet "løn, der muliggør et eksistensminimum", som har til formål at sikre arbejdstagere og deres familier en rimelig levestandard og deltagelse i samfundslivet som en løsning på problemet med en utilstrækkelig indkomst for mange erhvervsaktive husstande, der er afhængige af eksisterende lovbestemte mindstelønssatser.

Lønudvikling

Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger for 2021 sammenfatter, hvordan mindstelønningerne blev fastsat i 2020 — et år præget af covid-19-pandemien. I gennemgangen beskrives de vanskeligheder, nationale beslutningstagere stod over for, og hvordan de reagerede på de udfordringer, der opstod som følge af pandemiens økonomiske og sociale konsekvenser, da de skulle træffe beslutning om mindstelønninger. Gennemgangen kortlægger, i hvilket omfang mindstelønninger blev nævnt i covid-19-relaterede støtteforanstaltninger. I gennemgangen drøftes de fremskridt, der er gjort med hensyn til EU-initiativet om passende mindstelønninger, og reaktionerne fra arbejdsmarkedets sociale partnere på EU-plan og fra nationale beslutningstagere kortlægges.

I en tidligere undersøgelse om lønninger i Europa i det 21. århundrede så Eurofound nærmere på konsekvenserne af et hypotetisk scenarie med en mindsteløn, der koordineres på EU-plan og fastsættes til 60 % af den nationale medianløn.

Konsekvenser af covid-19 for lavtlønnede

Covid-19 ventes at påvirke den igangværende debat om mindstelønninger, da mange arbejdstagere, der leverer væsentlige tjenester under pandemien, befinder sig nederst på lønskalaen, såsom arbejdstagere i detailhandel, fødevareforsyningskæder og plejefunktioner. Andre lavtlønnede arbejdstagere, såsom arbejdstagere i hotel- og restaurationsbranchen eller inden for fritids- og underholdningstjenester, er som de første blevet ramt af ledighed. Med den stigende ledighed er det vigtigt at se på, hvordan mindstelønninger kan bidrage til det policy-mix, som regeringer og arbejdsmarkedets parter i øjeblikket anvender for at afbøde de økonomiske og sociale konsekvenser. Eurofounds e-undersøgelse Living, working and COVID-19 (Liv, arbejde og covid-19) viser, at næsten halvdelen af husholdningerne allerede kæmper for at få enderne til at mødes. Mindstelønninger kan spille en politisk rolle, hvad angår en stabilisering af indkomster.

Mindsteløn i forhold til løn, der muliggør et eksistensminimum

De fleste EU-lande har en lovbestemt mindsteløn. Et dermed forbundet, men særskilt begreb er "løn, som muliggør et eksistensminimum". Det handler om en løn, der skal kunne sikre en grundlæggende, men acceptabel levestandard for den, der oppebærer lønnen (og i nogle tilfælde forsørgelsesberettigede personer). En eksistenssikrende løn er baseret på en detaljeret, løbende opdateret beregning af omkostningerne for de grundlæggende tjenesteydelser og varer, der er nødvendige for en sådan levestandard, og den skal til dels afspejle utilstrækkeligheden af de gældende lovbestemte minimumssatser. Kampagner om eksistenssikrende lønninger er generelt frivillige og er baseret på et samarbejde mellem interessegrupper, fagforeninger og arbejdsgivere. Sådanne kampagner kan have en fortalerrolle (Irland) såvel som en akkrediteringsrolle (Det Forenede Kongerige), hvor virksomheder formelt akkrediteres som arbejdsgivere, der forpligter sig til at betale eksistenssikrende lønninger. Eurofounds analyser har, i overensstemmelse med bestemmelserne om rimelige lønninger i den sociale søjle, til formål at give politiske beslutningstagere en praktisk vejledning i begrebet "løn, som muliggør et eksistensminimum".

Pilotprojekt om ændringer i mindstelønninger

På anmodning af Europa-Parlamentet og Kommissionen vil Eurofound gennemføre et pilotprojekt om ændringer i mindstelønninger i EU fra 2021 til 2023. Yderligere oplysninger findes i afsnittet "Igangværende arbejde" nedenfor.

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (28)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle lønninger i mange lande, var det i mange tilfælde ikke nok til at fastholde arbejdstagernes købekraft. På grundlag af

29 June 2023

Denne rapport gennemføres inden for rammerne af det treårige pilotprojekt (2021-2023), "Mindstelønnens rolle i forbindelse med indførelse af en universel arbejdsgaranti", som Europa-Kommissionen har uddelegeret til Eurofound. Der fokuseres på projektets modul 3, som undersøger mindstelønninger og

30 November 2022

Efter en behersket runde med fastsættelse af mindstelønninger for 2021 steg de nominelle satser betydeligt i 2022, efterhånden som de negative konsekvenser af pandemien aftog, og økonomierne og arbejdsmarkederne rettede sig. I den forbindelse hævede 20 af de 21 EU-medlemsstater med lovbestemte

15 June 2022

Denne rapport sammenfatter, hvordan mindstelønninger for 2021 blev fastsat i 2020 – året, der var præget af covid-19-pandemien. I rapporten gennemgås de vanskeligheder, nationale beslutningstagere stod over for, og hvordan de reagerede på de udfordringer, der opstod som følge af pandemiens

10 June 2021

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

This report sets out to describe what labour market segmentation is and why it is problematic for the labour market and society, as well as disadvantaged groups. It takes a broad view of the term to examine the situation that arises when the divergence in working conditions between different groups

02 December 2019

Upward convergence is a process whereby the performance of EU Member States in a given domain or range of domains is seen to improve while gaps between Member States reduce. Achieving upward convergence is of crucial importance to the EU, as the increase of disparities among Member States threatens

25 September 2019

Online resources results (117)

A look behind 80% bargaining coverage: What do collective agreements actually contain?

The EU Minimum Wage Directive aims to achieve a collective bargaining coverage of 80%. However, not all collective agreements regulate workers’ pay and in some cases pay rates remain outdated for too long.

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea
10 januar 2024
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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

Patterns and trends in social partner involvement in times of crises. 20-21 March 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Swedish Presidency, Stockholm. Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound.

23 marts 2023
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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

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Collective bargaining and social dialogue – Back to normal in 2021?

Two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, social dialogue continues to make a significant contribution to helping economies recover. Managing the crisis led many governments to rely on tripartite social dialogue to develop the policies that would mitigate the negative impact of the

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Minimum wages and minimum wage setting processes are not just issues of high political importance in Europe, but also everyday concerns for low-wage earners throughout the EU. In this episode of Eurofound Talks we speak with Senior Research Manager Christine Aumayr-Pintar on the importance of minimu
9 juni 2022
Podcast

Blogs results (10)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 oktober 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

28 oktober 2020
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Minimum wages, one of the cornerstone issues for Ursula von der Leyen’s Commission, were a hot topic in the EU at the beginning of the year. Then the COVID-19 public health crisis struck. Now, with an economic crisis and recession looming, the question is not only what impact the crisis has had on

7 juli 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 april 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januar 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 juli 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 juni 2018
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 februar 2017
Upcoming publications results (1)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (9)

A carefully selected panel of agreements with reliable time series of negotiated wage rates for 2015 to 2022 was created for 20 countries with sufficient data.

15 februar 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 februar 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 februar 2024

The figure shows selected aggregate measures for the indicator 'negotiated basic monthly minimum wage rates'.

15 februar 2024

Eurofound selected a sample of 692 agreements to be included with complete information (fully coded) in the database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers.

15 februar 2024

The database on minimum wage rates in collective agreements related to low-paid workers is available as interactive dashboard.

14 februar 2024

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 januar 2024
Kilde:
Reference period:

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

29 juni 2023
Kilde:
Reference period:
Data catalogue

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